Psych 202 1st Edition Lecture 10 Punishment The Fundamental Idea o Punishment refers to the process of weakening or reducing the probability of behavior o Any stimulus that weakens the strength of or reduces the probability of a behavior is called a punisher o Ex s electric shock social disapproval monetary fines jail terms spankings cold shoulders averted eyes suspension of privileges bad grades o Is an aversive stimulus always a punisher Case of the class clown No because the attention is what the kid wants he doesn t see it as a punishment o Why is punishment often ineffective Case of the speeding ticket Still speed just maybe slow down around the area you got the ticket in Schedules of Reinforcement o Interval schedules vs ratio schedules Interval by time Ratio by behavior o Fixed schedules vs variable schedules Fixed precisely repeated pattern Variable random loose arrangement of reinforcement o Fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio o FI pay by the hour units of time o FR paid by how much you produce units of behavior o VI billing clients for work produced but don t get paid immediately by everyone o VR hard work in school or business is reinforced only occasionally but these reinforcement occasions often produce strong and lasting effects based on units of the action get reinforced occasionally in a fairly random way but based on how many times you engage in act Acquisition and Maintenance of Behavior o Fixed ratio schedules especially FR 1 1 schedules or continuous reinforcement produce fastest learning but behavior extinguishes relatively quickly if contingencies change Every time they do what you want you positively reinforce them Primary reinforcement food Secondary reinforcement praise o Consider shamu With Scott the husband I began to praise every small act every time if he drove just a mile an hour slower tossed one pair of shorts into the hamper or was on time for anything o Partial or intermittent reinforcement best example variable ratio schedules produces slower learning of behavior but these behaviors are the most resistant to extinction These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Animal and coaching teaching tip start with FR 1 1 then fade to partial schedules with increasingly infrequent reinforcement Shamu Story another bridge between classical and operant conditioning and a lesson in mindfulness stress reduction and self change o Husband would Speed Lose keys Aversive stimulus he would get angry and yell Wife would follow him around and help him find keys originally As soon as keys are found aversive stimulus is gone She has been negatively reinforced by helping him find keys He is positively reinforced for not being responsible and whining for not making a change Uses LRS least reinforcing syndrome When she hears him complaining she doesn t respond at all teaches herself to do nothing she has to avoid reinforcing him Extinction of bad behavior is goal When he finds his own keys later she reinforces him positively for finding them Throw clothes on floor Not on time Hovered over wife in kitchen Incompatible behaviors Can t do two opposite things at once Can t hover and help She tried to get him to help If he had to chop vegetables he couldn t hover at same time She reinforced him for chopping She is shaping him in his helping behavior He is learning to be reinforced for a behavior incompatible with hovering o Wife needed to change herself and control her distress and create a mindful awareness of her unpleasantness o She needed to engage in a self change process Self reinforcement Oh I did a good job of not getting angry at him Fixed ratio behaviors She had to resist in engaging in her own habitual behaviors Learning III basic concepts in social learning theory o Philosophically social learning theory was the start of the break from behaviorism by reintroducing the importance of internal mediating forces the O s in the so called S O R model contrasting with Watson s S R model o Social learning theory focuses on observational learning phenomena or imitation learning aka modeling o Social observational learning involves vicarious learning or vicarious conditioning vicarious reinforcement from observation of models Mirror neurons When you watch somebody else do something you see them doing it and now you can do it with help of your neurons Definition 3 of vicarious experienced or realized through imaginative or sympathetic participation in the experience of another Albert Bandura Experiment o Revealing the influence of modeling of aggressive behavior in social learning o Punch the dolls push it over it pops back up o IV which video did kids watch 1 was aggressive beating of doll received reward for watching that one 2 was aggressive model punished 3 saw no model or not aggressive model o DV how many instances of aggression occurred Those who saw aggression rewarded video were more aggressive Those who saw aggression punished video they were still aggressive but not as much o Concluded that direct reinforcement and punishment is unnecessary for learning o Why do these results challenge the strict view of strict behaviorists like Watson and Skinner o We do not need to be shaped directly our behavior is influenced by observational learning and cognitive processes o We learn not only by direct reinforcement punishment and schedules of reinforcement but also through vicarious reinforcement and or punishment Four cognitive O factors in S O R model are critical for learning o Attention can t learn if you are not paying attention o Retention retain information encode and elaborately rehearse it and send to long term memory o Reproduction be able to reproduce what you learned o Motivation not motivated won t be able to pay attention won t be able to reproduce information Relation to Edward Tolman s Latent Learning Cognitive Maps in book o We know more than we show in performance o When you deliver reinforcement to rats at different points o When you put rats in environments they learn stuff without being reinforced don t need to be reinforced a lot of cognitive and internal a latent form that is not easy to see often Seligman s Helplessness o Triadic experiment yoked design Group 1 dogs received escapable shock aka controllable Dog can do something to stop the shock Group 2 inescapable shock Dog could do nothing to stop shock