PSYCH 202 1st Edition Lecture 22 Developmental Processes Day 2oVideotape segment: Harlow's Monkeys-Harlow studies were done at UW Madison-"Motherless monkeys," surrogate mother studiesThese were fake mothersWired monkeysVersion 1: cold wire-Access to nourishmentVersion 2: cloth, soft mom-Gave security and comfort-What motivates infant attachment to mothers?Freudian legacy-Nutrition vs contact comfort: which is the primary motivating variable?-Conclusion: contact comfort is primary, and leads to emotional security-Related concepts: "Soothing"Self-soothingEmotional securityEmotional regulationEmotional competence-- in short, emotional intelligence-Video clip segment: is temperamental shyness due to nature or nurture? (or, is biology destiny?)Temperament: behavioral characteristics gained early in life that appear to have genetic underpinningsAttachment: phenotype, from genotype and environmentShy children are-Fearful, vigilant, cautious, apprehensiveoLess fearful = more observantoShy infants and outgoing infants show activity on opposite sides of brain-Right: shyRight is associated with fear, anger, depression-Left: outgoingMore positive affectHappiness, pleasureoBiology is not our destinyoVideo Clip: Steve Suomi on Rhesus Monkey Temperaments-3 weeks old: can tell if outgoing or why-Biological bases of shyness and the effects of nurturant environments-Shy monkeys display clinging to mothers and other signs of emotional insecurity-Genetically shy monkeys show differences in behaviorThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Ex: stress levelsAnd physiology-Ex: cortisol levelsIn the first several weeks of life-Nature and nurture interact for all behavior-Concepts/examples illustrated in videotape:Temperament and genes (shyness is inherited; but is modifiable - for better and worse - with nurturant/rejecting parenting and supportive/isolating social relationships)-Jerome Kagan discusses shyness vs. outgoingness and activity levelHe argues that these dimensions of temperament are among the most important innate differences in humans, noting that they are uncorrelated with cognitive abilities (e.g. intelligence)Note, however, how Kagan discusses how research shows that "shy" temperaments can and often do lead to socially competent children and adults under proper conditionsGenetically shy monkeys raised by nurturant, socially-skilled, patient mothers/models can become socially outgoing and even the most dominant members of their groups!Nature is not destiny, however it is highly influential!"Large set of temperamental categories"4 months old: can predict those behaviorsJordan: not average-Shy-Was scared-Later will be "very quiet"Katrina: was calm-Will be outgoing later in lifeoAttachment Data from Mary Ainsworth's strange situation test-Securely attached babies (60-70% of population):Wander/explore after introduction to the new settingShow distress upon separation but settle quicklyShow pleasure and seek contact upon reunion-Insecurely attached babies:"Cling" after introduction to new settingCry upon separation and are difficult to "soothe" or settleShow anger/indifference upon reunion-Subtypes:**Avoidant (no obvious distress outside of ignoring/snubbing and tentative approach)Anxious-ambivalent (extreme clinging; elicits and rejects caring contact)Disorganized attachment (inconsistent behavior: smile + fear - avoidance)oArticle: "Ordinary variations in maternal caregiving influence human infants' stress reactivity" (saying amount of maternal care affects human infant amounts of stress)-Background research with animals:Showed there were differences in stress response systems of rats-Mother rats who showed high levels of "rat love" compared with those that didn’tCompetent rat moms: lick, bite, touch their pups a lot, move them around, alter their nest a lot, constantly having physical change with them, groom them, arched-back nursingLess competent mothers: less arched-back nursing, didn’t lick or touch as much; created stress in their pups-Background research with humans:Not an experimentNot a manipulation of variables-No control and experimental groupThere were 2 groups though-No independent variable that was manipulated-Basic research design and hypotheses:-Quality of MCB was measured combining two rating variables:Maternal care behaviorsMeasured what was going on in the homeLow levels of MCB to high levelsMean = 4Standard Deviation = 1.41 standard deviation is 68% of the groupAverage: 2.6 - 5.4The contrasting variable were those above and below the average-Results:Differences in infant behavior based on MCBMore MCB associated with more left-activation of brainFearfulness is with lower MCBPositive joint attention associated with higher MCBHigh quality caring mothers has babies who are more likely to have left-activatedbrainsHow fearful children are was based on MCB-Measured using masks-More fear = mother was less MCBLow quality MCB:-Less frontal EEG symmetry-More infant fear response-Low positive joint attention-High infant negative affect-Confounds:Correlational study-Directionality problem-Third variable problemGenotype of child's temperamentComputed a statistical test-Infant temperament and stress reactivity: computed a series of one-way univariate ANOVAs. Temperament group had nosignificant main effects on frontal or parietal EEG, fearfulness, or sociability-Left out infant negative affect because of coursemore shyness is associated with high infant negative affect-Temperament was unrelated to different groups on graph results-Maternal care does influence stress reactivity outcomes of infantsoIs secure/insecure attachment style due to biology or experience?-Yes-Both-Steve Suomi's genetically (temperamentally) shy monkeys demonstrate insecure attachment styles (biology)-Yet contact with supportive mothers led to social competence in anxious monkeys (experience affects temperament)-Responsive parenting studies with various species show that sensitive and responsive mothers tend to have securely attached babies; and training mothers to be more sensitive creates higher rates of secure attachment in temperamentally difficult offspring-Hane and Fox's MCB study illustrates the complexity of