PSYCH 202 1st Edition Lecture 21 Introduction to Developmental Psychology-NEED TO KNOW, NOT GONE OVER IN CLASSoJean Piaget (4 stages of cognitive development)-Nature of intelligence, how intelligence changes over lifespanoLawrence Kohlberg (3 levels of moral development)-How people come to think about moral problemsoEric Erickson (8 stages of psychosocial development)-Across lifespan, what are major challenges people faceStage 8: ego integrity vs despair-In last stages of life, has my life been a good one?-Ego integrity = believe your life was a good one-If not, = despair-Developmental psychology definedoThe study of the influence of maturation and experience on the emergence and activation of multiple psychological processes across distinct periodsoNature and nurture both take part in the development-Developmental periods (relates to Eric Erickson):oPrenatal-Before child is bornoInfancyoChildhoodoAdolescenceoEarly adulthoodoMiddle adulthoodoLate adulthood-The psychological processes:oAt each level of age, developmental psychologists study multiple psychological processesas they relate to the adaptation of persons in their particular environments-E.g. behavior-genetic, physiological, sensory-perceptual, memory and learning, emotional, moral development, thought, language, judgment, problem-solving, personality, psychopathology-Nature vs NurtureoBiology vs environmentoMaturation vs experienceoOne frame on these questions:-Genotypes, phenotypes, and heritability estimationoGenotype: nature (and biology/maturation)-Genotypes are given constitutionally at moment of conceptionOur genotype is our genetic totality, the biological "blueprint" that "unfolds"These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.We cannot observe it directlyoPhenotype: nature + nurture-Phenotypes are the product of, or interaction between, genotypes and experience/environmentThey are observable characteristics of the organismoHeritability-Refers to a statistical "estimate" of what proportion of the variation in a trait (e.g. IQ, neuroticism, shyness, narcissism, aggressiveness, etc) in a population can be accounted for by underlying genetic differences between individualsEstimated of heritability are derived from twin, adoption, and family behavior-genetic studiesHeritability estimates of personality characteristics, e.g. show that around 50% of the differences between individuals on a variety of important characteristics (aggression, intelligence, friendliness, emotional stability, etc) canbe attributed to genetic differences between personsoBiological development: prenatal-Conception results in formation of the zygote, and marks the beginning of genetic identityYour genotype is reflected here-The zygote's DNA determines many of our physical/mental structures, which sets the stage for future physical and psychological developments-3 stages of prenatal development:Germinal stage (from conception until the zygote attaches to uterine wall, around 10 days to two weeks later)Embryonic stage (weeks 3 to 8)-Parts of body form, organs begin function, testosterone secretedin males-@ 8 weeks = 1 inch longFetal stage (2 months until birth)-Teratogens in prenatal developmentTeratogen = poison-Preuterine defectsThey are chemical agents causing profound in-utero damage effectsThalidomide effects in the 1950'sAlcohol, cigarettes, cocaine effects: generally result in lower that averagebirth weights and detrimental effects on information-processing capacities, motor capacitiesIs there a "safe" drinking level for pregnant mothers?-Studies show moderate drinking (as little as one a day) can lead to defects in attention and alterness in infants, with effects still being evident in early childhood-NoVideo clip on teratogens:-Glial cells in early stage of development is to find developing neurons and bring them where they are supposed to be, a guide-Radiation makes these neurons stop short of where they need to be-Alcohol makes the neurons go too far and go beyond where they need to go-Proliferation: 0-7 weeks-Migration: 8-15-Differentiation: 16-25 weeks-Continued differentiation: 26-29 weeks-Both are critical stages in regards to radiation-Heterotopias (from fetal alcohol syndrome)-Brain elements that have been splattered outside of brain surface -From neurons not stopping where needed to because alcohol made them go too faroBiological development: postnatal-Reflexes are evident: automatic, unlearned reactions to specific forms of stimulation; e.g.Rooting reflex: turn toward something-Ex. Breastfeeding-If something touches a newborn infant's cheek or mouth, baby will turn toward it and search for the object to see what it wasGrasping reflex: new born baby grasps your finger with their hand, very strong-Sensory-perceptual capacities emerge following a developmental clock (a maturation unfolding) and are associated with rapid physical changes in the CNS and PNS, along with development of muscular and sensorimotor capacities-Generally, there is postnatal impoverishment in the interconnections between 100 billion existing nerve cells, leading to extraordinary and prolific dendritic and synaptic branching out across the early days, weeks, months, and years of development-Enriched experiences result in more neural developments in young, middle-aged, and older animals-But explosive development occurs in the earliest periods in any eventNote: remember how Bill Greenough's work with older rats showed us about lifespan development of memory synapses/dendrites/vasculatureoThe development of temperament and attachment-Two themes wherein we begin to explore ideas about the origins of personality and individual differencesTemperament: behavioral and emotional style that is evident in very early development; commonly thought of as being genetically determinedGenotypicAttachment style: emotional and behavioral style of interacting with significant early "objects" of attachment (parents, especially mothers); believed to be due to an interaction between temperament and environmental influences-Develops early in life and determines how you will interact with people later in life-Phenotypic: what we tend to seeoVideotape segment: Harlow's Monkeys-Harlow studies were done at UW Madison-"Motherless monkeys," surrogate mother studiesThese were fake mothersWired