GCD 3022 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Linkage groups and chromosomes a Number of linkage groups i Example 1 ii Example 2 b Down s syndrome c Euploidy and Aneuploidy d Linkage event e Gene families II Recombinant offspring a Map units b Crossover event c Reassortment of genes d Test cross III Chromosome alterations a Translocation b Deletion and duplication c IV Chi square test These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute V Recombinance in pea plants a Recombinance in F2 offspring i Genotypes phenotypes ii Explanation b Chi square analysis c Linkage distance VI Gene mapping a Arrangement of alleles b Heterozygous offspring c Percentage of homozygous offspring Outline of Current Lecture I Nucleotide Structure a Three components i Phosphate group ii Pentose sugar iii Nitrogenous Base b Differences between DNA and RNA i Sugar ii Bases II Bonds in DNA RNA a Phosphodiester linkages b Hydrogen bonds III Nitrogenous bases a Purines b Pyrimadines c Chargraff s rule IV DNA structure a Double helix b Antiparallel c Complementary V RNA structure a Double stranded regions b Change in base pairings Current Lecture I Nucleotide Structure a Three components i Phosphate group four oxygens bound to a phosphorous three of which have negative charges One oxygen is bound to 5 carbon in pentose sugar forming phosphate sugar backbone of DNA and RNA ii Pentose sugar 5 carbon sugar molecule with either a 3 OH group and either an H or OH on the 2 carbon determines whether it is ribose or deoxyribose iii Nitrogenous Base bound to 1 carbon of pentose sugar Can be adenine guanine thymine cytosine thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA molecules b Differences between DNA and RNA i Sugar ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA ii Bases all bases are the same except thymine and uracil Thymine is only present in DNA and uracil is only present in RNA II Bonds in DNA RNA a Phosphodiester linkages occur between oxygen on phosphate molecule and 5 carbon of the pentose sugar Forms phosphate sugar backbone of DNA RNA molecules b Hydrogen bonds occur between complementary nitrogenous bases A T U have 2 hydrogen bonds while G C have 3 hydrogen bonds III Nitrogenous bases a Purines consist of one 6 carbon ring fused to a 5 carbon ring consists of guanine and adenine b Pyrimadines consist of one 6 carbon ring consist of thymine uracil and cytosine c Chargraff s rule the total amount of A and T is equal to the total amount of G and C in a DNA molecule A T G C Note this does not mean that the amount of all individual bases is exactly the same IV DNA structure a Double helix formed by hydrogen bonds between A T and G C This bonding creates a double helix with a major and minor groove b Antiparallel one strand of the helix is 5 to 3 while the other is 3 to 5 run in opposite directions c Complementary A pairs with T C pairs with G V RNA structure a Double stranded regions the molecule is naturally single stranded but there are sections of double helix due to some regions of hydrogen bonding between bases A U and C G These are called hairpin regions b Change in base pairings A pairs with U instead of T and C still pairs with G
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