PSY 240 1st Edition Lecture 9Lecture Outline #5: Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy Part 3Part III: Learningclassical conditioning: learning by pairing two external stimuli togetherex. Pavlov’s dogs-conditioned= learned, unconditioned=automaticunconditioned stimulus (US): a stimulus that automatically elicits a response (food)unconditioned response (UR): the automatic, reflexive response to the US (salivation due to the food)conditioned stimulus (CS): Originally neutral stimulus (tone) that gains significance through repeated pairings with the US. conditioned response (CR): the learned response (salivation when food was presented. Ex. Bottle/breast contact infant’s mouth sucking reflex-begin sucking motion at sight of bottle/breastex. Taste aversionLittle Albert study (Watson &Rayner): 11 month old infant allowed to play with white rat, showed no fear of rat, but did fear loud noises- generalized fear to other similar objectso ex. Rabbits, furry dogs (anything with white cottonball beard)o did not generalize to dissimilar objects (ex. Toys)operant conditioning: use of reinforcement, punishment to shape behaviorreinforcement: outcome of behavior that encourages MORE of that behaviorpositive reinforcement: something rewarding is addednegative reinforcement: something unpleasant is removedpunishment: outcome of behavior that encourages LESS of that behaviorThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.positive punishment: something unpleasant is addednegative punishment: something rewarding is removedex. Abacus example, spanking children4 problems with punishment:1. what punishment typically teaches is how to avoid ita. punished behavior suppressed, not forgotten2. physical punishment may increase future aggressive behaviora. physically aggressive juvenile delinquents tend to come from abusive families3. may lead to fear of punisher4. tells you what not to do, rather than what to doPunishment alone much less effective than punishment + reinforcementParents encouraged to reframe consequencesChange “if you don’t get your hw done, you cant have the carOrTo “you can take the car if you finish your hw.”observational learning: learning by observing, imitating others-role of mirror neuronsallows imitation of novel behaviors: Meltzoff (1988): watch unusual behavior (ex. Touch box with forehead to light it up)-6-9 moth olds: imitate for up to 24 hours-14 month olds: 1 weekallows interpretation of intentionsGergeley et al. (2002): watch model touch box, but say she is cold and clutch shawl while touching box with foreheadMeltzoff (1995): adults pulls ends of dumbbell, hand slip off-infantsacutally pull ends of (internal)Bobo doll study (Bandura, 1961): part of our understanding of how to behave comes from watching others-same with rats, pigeons, crows, gorillas and monkeys-stumptail macaque monkeys make friendly contat after fight to reconcile-rhesus macaque monkeys do not, unless raised with older