PSY 240 1st editionFinal Exam Study GuideEmotional Development- What are emotions?o Positive/Negative reaction to an object, event memory or circumstance… includes physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience (thoughts & feelings) All emotional states: product of combination of basic emotions- Describe the 3 theories of emotion (James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, two-factor).1. James-Lange theory of emotion:Emotion= awareness of physiological state in response to emotion inducing stimulus STIMULUS—PHSYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE—LABELING OF EMOTION- “Differential emotions theory”- Larsen et al (1992) : furrowing brows= sadder when viewing sad photos - Zajonc et al- saying e and ah (smiling muscles)= better mood than german u’’- Stracket al- holding pencil in teeth vs lips= funnier cartoons – looking at self in mirror amplifies effect 2. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion:Problem with number 1----- physiological responses too similar to produce distinct emotions 2. Responses too slow to trigger sudden emotion -simultaneous experience of emotion and physiological arousal; one does not cause the other STIMULUS—PHSYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE—LABELING OF EMOTION3. two-factor theory of emotion: middle ground between early theories of emotion Like james and lange- emotion from awareness of physiological arousalLike cannon and bard- emotions are physiologically similar, need to be cognitively labeled- Describe the development of both positive and negative emotions.positive emotions: early smiles social smilesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Control over the world- Lewis et al 2 MO attached to string that does/ does not play music –more interest, smiling whenthey have control.negative emotions: distress, but distinct emotions? (anger, sadness, pain, discomfort etc.) - Similar reaction to all? - Different expressions in young vs. old? - Kids also react when music does NOT play after pulling string - What is emotional regulation, and why is it important?-Internal subjective feelings, emotional thoughts, emotional physiological reactions, emotional expression/behavior- What is temperament, and how does it relate to emotional expression?- -develops over time- Caregiver regulation (soothing, rocking etc.) – self- regulation (self- soothing, distraction, etc.)- Result of nature…- e.g. myelination- and nature- 9-12 MO recognition of adult demands- By 24 MO: more reponse..- What are the 3 traditional types of temperament? 1. easy babies: adjusted reality to new situations, quickly established daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm.2. Difficult babies: were slowly to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to novel stimuli and events, and were irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions. 3. Slow-to-warm-up babies: were somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time as they had repeated contact with new objects, people and situations. - How do we think about temperament today?-unmanageable temperament tends to predicts problem behaviors & low social competence-fearful & neglected have difficulties interacting with others. -poor adjustment often receive sensitive and appropriate parenting and if there is a good fit between their temperament and their social environment. Attachment and Development of the Self- What is attachment?o An emotional tie with another person (caregiver)- seek closeness to attachment figuredistress upon separation- Describe Harry Harlow’s work with baby monkeys and attachment.- Harry Harlow: 1950s research on learning in monkeys – separated from parents, raised in individual cages --- compulsive rocking and self biting, avoid other monkeys, fear novel objects – females avoid sex and don’t know how to handle babies--- attachment to baby blankets in cages— -important source of attachment: body contact --- 2 artificial mothers—one with clothing - Describe John Bowlby’s 4 stages of the development of attachment.- John Bowlby: (nature) predisposition-secure base: (my phone)4 stages of attachment development:1. preattachment – birth 6 WO- infant cries – summons – caregiver—comfort 2. attachment in the making 3. Clear cut attachment 4. Reciprocal relationships - Describe Mary Ainsworth’s research on attachment styles and the Strange Situation. What are the 4 attachment styles, and where do they come from?Mary Ainsworth: different styles of attachment among children-strange situation: phone 4 attachment styles:1. secure attachment - about 65% of 1 yr old infants – less than 50% from lower SES families – use caregiver as secure base for exploration – may be upset by separations – but greets mother warmly upon return 2. resistant attachment- 10 % of infants – stay close to mother : little exploration while she is present …very distressed when 3. avoidant attachment 4. disorganized/ disordered attachment - What is the self? Describe the development of the self through childhood.- self: conceptual organization of thoughts, attitudes about oneself – emerges early in life, influenced by attachments- self in infancy: 2-4 MO understand ability to control “other things”--- 8 MO, separation anxiety ( mom and I are separate?) - mirror test: under 18 MO they grab mirror, after 18 MO they grab face – photos - self in childhood: un realistic self-beliefs - self in adolescence: increased focus on social acceptance, peer relationships - self and ethnic identity: preschool – little sense of ethnicity (but they do use labels) - 5-8 YO early identification with ethnic group - self and sexual identity: onset of conscious sexual attraction- puberty - 2-4 % of high schoolers identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual- Attraction numbers higher? (attraction vs identification- Calso et al. (2011): study of same sex attracted Ps.The Family- What are family dynamics?o Way in which family operates as a whole, individual relationships happen within family context4 key principles of family dynamics:1. shared influence of family members2. Dynamic influenced by outside forces3. child dev. Changes child/adult relationship4. Adult dev changes child/adult relationship - What are the 4 major parenting styles, and what type of child does each produce?3 major roles of parents:1. Direct instruction 2. Indirect