PSY 240 1st Edition Lecture 12What is Intelligence?intelligence: general intelligence (g): cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual taskmultiple intelligences:Howard Gardner’s model of multiple intelligences:Robert Sternberg’s model of multiple intelligences: argue that measuring a quality as complex and multifaceted as intelligence requires assessing a much broader range of abilities than are assessed by current intelligence testsfluid vs. crystallized intelligence: fluid: ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems vs. crystallized intelligence: factual knowledge about the worldMeasuring IntelligenceBinet-Simon intelligence test: chil dren were asked to interpret proverbs, solve puzzles, define words and sequence cartoon panels so that the jokes made sense. intelligence quotient (IQ): quantitative measure, typically with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, used to indicate a child’s intelligence relative to that of other children of the same ageLewis Terman:Stanford-Binet intelligence test:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS):Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC): widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and olderIntelligence Test ConstructionWe want our intelligence tests to be:1. Flynn effect: consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 80 years in many countriesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. test-retest reliability:split-half reliability:So does intelligence change over time?3. criterion validity:What does IQ predict?Duckworth & Seligman (2005):Where Does Intelligence Come From?evidence for genetic contribution to IQ:Plonin et al. (1997):evidence for environmental contribution to IQ:Hunt (1982):“tutored human enrichment”role of poverty:Head Start:Does Head Start work?Group Differences in Intelligencerace differences in IQ:What is wrong with the conclusion that some races are inherently more intelligent than others?1.2.3.4.5.role of socioeconomic status (SES):Myserson et al. (1998):sex differences in IQ:female advantages:male advantages:role of bias in intelligence testing1. Do IQ tests rely on cultural knowledge?2. Is it possible that IQ tests are biased in their administration?stereotype threat:stereotype:Steele & Aronson (1995): 3 steps to stereotype threat1.2.3.Steele & Aronson (1995) study:IV:DV:results:Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1999):IV:DV:results:Johns, Schmader, & Martens