BIOM 250 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 28)What are the different types of microorganisms? Give a brief description.Answer:Bacteria- single celled, prokaryotic, cell wall with peptidoglycan Archae- prokaryotic, cell wall without peptidoglycanFungi- membrane bound organelles, eukaryoticProtozoa- single-celled, eukaryoticAlgae- photosynthetic, eukaryoticViruses- extremely small, have no metabolism outside of host cellWhat is resolution?Answer: the ability of lenses to distinguish two points as separate. Remember—shorter wavelengths of light provide a greater resolution.How does immunofluorescence work?Answer: Immunofluorescence uses UV light to activate fluorescent dyes to give off visible light.Lecture 2 (January 30) What gives atoms their reactivity?Answer: The electrons in their outer shells.Describe ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding.Answer:Ionic: loss of an electron by one element and the gaining of an electron by another—occurs when opposite charges attract.Covalent: sharing of electrons by elementsHydrogen: occurs when a hydrogen atom in a covalent bond is attracted to another atom—relatively weak bond.Lecture 3 (February 2)Where would you find the glycocalyx on a prokaryote? What is it?Answer: The glycocalyx would be found on the cell wall and it is the sugar coat of the cell, that isa sticky, gelatinous polymer.What is peptidoglycan? What is its function?Answer: Peptidoglycan is a chain of linked disaccharides. The crosslinking of the peptides that form it provide rigidity in the cell. REMEMBER—gram positive cells have a thick peptidoglycan layer while gram negative cells have a thin one. This property is crucial in telling the difference in gram positive and negative cells in staining.What are the three ways particles can move across membranes?Answer: Passive transport, active transport, and osmosis.Lecture 4 (February 4)Where is ATP synthesized?Answer: Mitochondria is the site of ATP synthesis. The amount of mitochondria within a cell varies by cell type.What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?Answer: In catabolic reactions bonds are broken and energy is released. In anabolic reactions bonds are formed and energy is absorbed.What is the function of enzymes?Answer: To lower the activation energy of a reaction. There are different classification of enzymes, the ones you will need to review are: oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, isomerase, and ligase. Notice that enzymes have an –ase ending. Lecture 5 (February 6)Define oxidation and reduction.Answer: Oxidation is the removal of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons.What are the three enzyme chains involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy?Answer: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. Review these three chains and know the general processes of each. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?Answer: In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen. In anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not molecular oxygen.Lecture 6 (February 9)What are two products of fermentation?Answer: alcoholic beverages and acidic dairy products. Remember, fermentation does NOT require oxygen and does NOT use the Krebs cycle or the electron transport chain. What are the DNA double helix strands held together by?Answer: The strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides. Keep in mind that strands are anti-parallel, meaning they each run in opposite directions based on functional groups and bonds formed.How many sense codons code for the 20 amino acids? There are 64 sense codons for the 20 amino acids. The fact that there are multiple codons for each amino acid makes the genetic code degenerate—which means that when mistakes in coding are made, the consequences are lesser.Lecture 7 (February 13)Define biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology?Answer: Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. Recombinant DNA technology is the insertion or modification of genes to produce specific proteins.What do restriction enzymes do?Answer: Restriction enzymes are proteins that can cut specific sequences of DNA. What do polymerase chain reactions do?Answer: Make multiple copies of DNA segment. Review and make sure you have a general idea of the PCR process. GOOD LUCK