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UM BIOM 250N - Exam 2 Study Guide

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BIOM 250 1st Edition Exam #2 Study GuideChapter 6-7What is the matrix of a biofilm?Answer: The matrix is a secreted extracellular material that holds the bacteria in place. It is composed of mostly polysaccharides and also proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.How do bacterium reproduce?Answer: Bacterium reproduce via binary fission which consists of a single bacterium replicating its genome, forming a new membrane, and then splitting into two individual cells.Name and describe the four stages of bacterial growth.Answer: 1. Lag phase- metabolic activity and synthesis are required to divide; the preparatory phase 2. Log phase- phase in which logarithmic or exponential growth occurs; is constant depending on nutrient availability 3. Stationary phase- phase in which bacterial deaths are equal to the amount of new growth; this is caused by waste products and lack of nutrients 4. Death phase- phase in which deaths exceed new growth; media and nutrients have been exhaustedWhat is the difference between disinfection and antisepsis?Answer: Disinfection is the death of all vegetative cells—but not endospores. Antisepsis is the removal of pathogens from living tissue. What are some factors that the effectiveness of a treatment may be dependent on?Answer: Effectiveness of a treatment may be dependent on: the number of microbes, the environment, time of exposure, and the microbial characteristics.What does ethanol require in order to be effective?Answer: Ethanol requires some water in the solution in order to be effective.Chapter 14What is symbiosis and what are the three types of it?Answer: Symbiosis is when one organism is dependent on another. The three kinds are: 1) mutualism- when both organisms benefit 2) commensalism- one organism benefits while the other is unharmed 3) parasitism- one organism lives at the expense of another and causes harmName the five stages of disease and describe them.Answer: 1) Incubation- interval between infection and the first signs/symptoms 2) prodromal- early, mild symptoms 3) illness- period of severe disease 4) decline- signs/symptoms diminish 5)convalescence- recovery periodWhat are fomites?Answer: Fomites are infected non-living objects. What is an infection called that one acquires while being in a hospital setting.Answer: Nosocomial infection.Chapter 15In order to be pathogenic an organism must:Answer: enter the proper location; stay in that location; cause damage; evade the host cell’s defenseWhat is it called when a microbe changes its surface proteins so older antibodies are unable to bind to it?Answer: Antigenic variation.What are siderophores?Answer: Siderophores are secreted proteins that bind to iron. What happens when toxins enter their target cell?Answer: In the target cell, the A-B complex separates. The B part is released and the A part binds to and alters the host cell component which often inhibits protein synthesis.What are cytokines?Answer: Cytokines are soluble cell-signaling proteins that activate immune system components and cause fever.Uptake of a plasmid can cause a bacterium to produce what?Answer: A toxin.Chapter 16Define immunity.Answer: Immunity is the ability of an organism to destroy or inhibit pathogenic agents.What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?Answer: Innate immunity is non-specific and brings about an immediate response. Adaptive immunity is specific and produces a slower response. What type of granulocytes contain histamines?Answer: Basophils contain histamines that induce inflammation and allergic reactions.Which granulocyte is able to leave the bloodstream and enter tissues?Answer: Neutrophils, which are highly phagocytic, motile, and active in the initial stage of infection, are able to leave the bloodstream and enter tissues. What are immature macrophages called?Answer: Monocytes.What is the function of natural kills (NK) cells?Answer: NK cells can kill damaged self-cells and tumor cells. They bind to the target cell and perforate the cell membrane and causes programmed cell death.Define lymph.Answer: Lymph is fluid derived from blood plasma that flows out of blood vessels and bathes tissues.What is a phagocyte?Answer: Phagocyte is a cell capable of ingesting bacteria or cell debris.Define chemotaxis.Answer: Chemotaxis is a chemical attraction that attracts leukocytes to the site of infection/damage.What is the process of bacteria being coated by serum proteins called? What is the purpose of this?Answer: This process is called opsonization and it boosts adherence. What is acute inflammation?Answer: Short term, intense inflammation.What is chronic inflammation?Answer: Long term, less intense inflammation that worsens over time.What are the three stages of inflammation?Answer: The three stages of inflammation are vasodilation/permeability, phagocyte migration, and tissue repair.Is fever systemic or localized?Answer: Fever is systemic.What is the function of interferons (IFNs)?Answer: Interferons induce uninfected cells to produce antiviral


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