BIOM 250n 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Cytotoxic T cellsII. Extracellular Killer CellsIII. ADCCIV. CytokinesV. Immunological MemoryVI. Types of Adaptive ImmunityOutline of Current Lecture I. VaccineII. Immunologic-based TestsCurrent LectureI. Vaccinea. A suspension of organisms or components of organisms used to induce immunityb. Stimulates adaptive immunity—especially memoryc. In the US immunizations include vaccines for bacterial and viral diseasesd. Immunization schedule starts with infantse. Vaccine Types:i. Live, attenuated vaccines1. Made from weak agent, no longer pathogenic2. Usually has full life cycle, stimulates robust immunityii. Inactivated killed vaccines1. Cannot cause even mild disease2. Usually weaker response, can require booster3. Safer than liveiii. Subunit vaccines1. Toxoids (inactivated toxins)a. Usually requires vaccine series and boosters2. Antigenic fragmentsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Specific proteins that can induce a strong immune response and memoryb. Usually produced in a bacterium with recombinant DNA technologyc. Avoids use of live or killed whole pathogeniv. Conjugated vaccines1. Some antigens only produce weak immune response especially in childrenv. DNA vaccines1. Naked DNA in a plasmid shot into skin cells2. Proteins produced activate humoral and cellular immunity3. Long skin cells protein expressionvi. Adjuvants1. Some antigens require help to induce immune response 2. Freunds complete adjuvant: mineral oil and inactivated, dry tuberculosis bacteriaa. Very effective but very toxic3. Alum (aluminum salts) still approved in US4. Also the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A, a detoxified form of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide 5. Developed in Hamilton, MT, now produced by GSK in Hamiltonf. Vaccine safety:i. Early days: 1. Smallpox harvested from infections and stuck into uninfected peoples veinsii. More recent: 1. Salk polio vaccine inactivated virus (IPV)2. Sabin polio vaccine oral dose (OPV)iii. Now: 1. Vaccines less likely to cause reaction but still can happen 2. More subunit (acellular) vaccinesiv. Controversy:1. Some believe too many vaccines lead to autismg. Brief look at polio vaccines:i. Salk polio vaccine1. Inactivated polio virus2. Administered by injection, not natural transmission of disease3. Polio is a gut virus so natural immunity comes from interaction with mucous membraneii. Sabin polio vaccine1. Live attenuated vaccine2. Yields immune response and immunity like a natural infection3. Attenuated virus can revert to pathogenic wild type4. Some cases today in areas with vaccination but poor coverage are from the vaccineII. Immunologic-based Testsa. Monoclonal antibody very useful in testsi. Uniform in size and shapeii. Highly specific to a single antigeniii. Can be produced in large quantitiesb. Agglutination testsi. An antibody can bind particulates or cells so that you can read results by eyeii. If antibody and cells with antigens placed together the antibody will link cells into clumpsiii. Used for testing presence of antibody and titer of antibody in bloodiv. Can be used with soluble