Government employeesBusinessmenLower (Petite Bourgeoisie)White-collar workersShop keepersWorking ClassesHighly skilled “labor aristocracy”SemiskilledUnskilled laborersBy end of century gap between rich and poor as pronounced as previously, but both groups better offConspicuous consumptionShowing off wealthEmulationReaching for a higher standard of livingMiddle-class cultureStatusFashionEducationMoralityRespectabilityCall for changeFactory Act of 1833Decreased hours of children over 9Factory sponsored elementary schoolMines Act of 1842Wanted women out of mines because they often went toplessBanned women from working underground, and children under 10 weren’t allowed to workGender Roles and Family LifeMarried WomenIncreasingly at homeLegal inferiorityGreater control of the householdMore interaction with childrenFeminismLiberal, middle class vs. socialistChild-rearingDeclining birthrateIncreasing intrinsic, rather that economic value of childrenHist 115 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture:Industrial Revolution and how it shaped BritainCurrent Lecture:How the Industrial Revolution impacted other countries and what it did to change the value of labor lawsWhy Europe and not China or India?Only Europe and not China or India?Eurocentric argumentEurope is better due to coal, free market, rational and logical thinkers, etc.CoalClose to the surface, Britain had a lot of it, cheap source of fuelHigher wagesOrganization of SocietyBefore the Industrial Revolution:Born into one’s position in life: king, noble, peasant, etc.Clergy, merchants, lawyers (for those who didn’t inherit land)The Industrial Revolution:Classes defined more and more by economic statusGrowing class of industrialists/capitalistsIndustrialists and the WorkersIndustrialist/Mill Owner/CapitalistForemenWorkers19th Century Class StructuresAristocracyTitle, landed wealthMiddle ClassUpperFactory ownersLarge-scale commerceBankingDrawn to aristocratic lifestyleCountry homesMiddleProfessionals (lawyers, doctors, etc.)Technical ExpertsMid-level bankers, managers, etc. Government employees Businessmeno Lower (Petite Bourgeoisie) White-collar workers Shop keepers- Working Classeso Highly skilled “labor aristocracy”o Semiskilledo Unskilled laborers- By end of century gap between rich and poor as pronounced as previously, but both groups better ofo Conspicuous consumption Showing of wealtho Emulation Reaching for a higher standard of living- Middle-class culture- Status- Fashion- Education- Morality- Respectability- Call for change- Factory Act of 1833o Decreased hours of children over 9o Factory sponsored elementary school- Mines Act of 1842o Wanted women out of mines because they often went toplesso Banned women from working underground, and children under 10 weren’t allowed to work- Gender Roles and Family Life- Married Womeno Increasingly at homeo Legal inferiorityo Greater control of the householdo More interaction with children- Feminismo Liberal, middle class vs. socialist- Child-rearingo Declining birthrateo Increasing intrinsic, rather that economic value of