War with Austrian Hapsburgs and othersEncouraged religious tolerance, abolished the torture of prisonersTried to be like the sovereign of the state but failedMaria Theresa of the Austrian HapsburgsMother of Marie AntoinetteLimited outsiders, including PopeReformed taxes and agricultureHer son attempted but failed to abolish second serfdomAll of her children were pawnsCatherine the Great of RussiaGerman princess married into Russian familyLiked her husbands crown more than himInvolved in the murder of her husband and she became EmpressCarried on Peter the Greats reforms and supported philosophersEstablished religious tolerance and abolished torture of prisonersHIST 115 1st Edition Lecture 3 Current LectureLast Lecture Outline:Outline of events leading up to mid 1700sCurrent Lecture Outline:Background of the EnlightenmentHow it came to beWhat the beliefs and values behind it areCurrent Lecture Notes:Prior Basis of Knowledge and OrderReligionCatholicismProtestantismAncient GreeksWas liked because it didn’t mess with religious thinkingEarth at center of universe ideaBackground to the EnlightenmentScientific Revolution (ca. 1540-1690)Exploration of the world helped spark the EnlightenmentNew contact with more advanced Middle East societiesBeginnings of universitiesIsaac NewtonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Could this be applied to human nature?John Locke (1632-1704): blank stateYou were born without skills or talents and you gain them throughout lifeEnlightenmentMaturity in 1750 (ca. 1690-1789)“The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldwide view based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress” (McKay 530)Emphasis on nationalismSecular, based on reasonPhilosophes: group of influential intellectualsFrench was an international language at the time of the EnlightenmentFrance has less restriction towards expressing ideas than other areas in Europe.MontesquieuSpirit of Laws (1748)Criticized despotism and absolutismArgued for separation of powersVoltaireSatirist (candide in 1759)Deist: clockmaker theoryAgainst despotism, enlightened monarchyDid not want common people to take control and ruleWas friends with monarchsMoses MendelssohnGerman Jewish PhilosopherHoskalahJewish EnlightenmentThought that the Jewish relied too much on superstitionReligious toleranceWanted equal rights for JewsMore FiguresDenis Diderot: EncyclopediaDavid Hume: Treatise of Human NatureImmanuel Kant: Critique of Pure ReasonCame up with the word for EnlightenmentPossibly had OCD, took a walk at the same time everyday and people used him as a way to measure the timePublic Sphere: How did they spread this knowledgeThe idea of coffee houses comes from the Middle EastPeople went to coffeehouses to share ideas without fear of being turned inPublic Sphere was where people could come together to share ideasReading RevolutionPeople learning to read in their own language and silentlyRococoInterior designVery ornate, gold everywhere, flowers, baby angels, feminine design, everything looks good but not comfortableSalonWere held in private homes, usually of the rich and noblesHeld by talented womenDiscussed science, literature, and the Enlightenment ideasWomen taking charge of educationEnlightenment and the Common PeopleThe philosophes believed the common people were too ill-educated and superstitiousNot allowed at salons or academiesThe masses did have some access to Enlightenment ideasRising literacyBook prices droppedPamphletsEnlightenment and RaceObsession with classification and hierarchyBiological racismWas mostly cultural racism beforeThe idea that these characteristics are inherent, born with these traitsEurope is the best place in the world and everyone else is inferiorKant, Hume, Thomas JeffersonKant believed that humans started in harmony as white brunettes and all races brake off from thereThomas Jefferson owned slaves, as did many founding fathersHerder, Diderot, anti-slavery movementRousseauThe Social ContractHuman beings were born naturally good and society corrupted themThe will of the majorityEmphasis on education and family valuesHad illegitimate children that he dropped off at family homesEnlightened AbsolutismMonarchs taking on certain ideas of the Enlightenment and applying them to their ruleFrederick the Great of PrussiaFirst Enlightened monarchGood friends with Voltaire- War with Austrian Hapsburgs and others- Encouraged religious tolerance, abolished the torture of prisoners- Tried to be like the sovereign of the state but failed- Maria Theresa of the Austrian Hapsburgs- Mother of Marie Antoinette- Limited outsiders, including Pope- Reformed taxes and agriculture- Her son attempted but failed to abolish second serfdom- All of her children were pawns- Catherine the Great of Russia- German princess married into Russian family- Liked her husbands crown more than him- Involved in the murder of her husband and she became Empress- Carried on Peter the Greats reforms and supported philosophers- Established religious tolerance and abolished torture of prisonersSomeone in her court shook up the serfs and Catherine immediately put restrictions back on