Lecture 9The Isms: modern ideologies: Conservatism, Liberalism, and SocialismTerms:“The Dual Revolution” – Eric HobsbawmInterrelated economic and political change due to the Industrial Revolution and French RevolutionIdeologyA set of beliefs that explains the world and shapes one’s behavior; a political doctrine1815-1848Reverberations of the French RevolutionsConservative reaction: stay the same or go back to what was beforePersistence of ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity; government by the people (nation)Romanticism: reaction to Enlightenment rationalityRomantics known for emotional intensityA lot of mental illness during this timeDuels to the death, rejected powdered wig, lived bohemian lifestylesReactions to the Duel Revolution: ConservatismConservatismThe French Revolution was a terrible mistake that ushered in chaos, war, and instability; defend status quo, promote stabilityHuman instability, people either need a strong government or monarchy to protect peopleKey ProponentsEdmund Burke (1729-1797): Promoted protection of aristocracyThe Slavophiles: Russians who wanted a return to orthodoxyClemens von Metternich (1773-1850)Conservative Reaction, 1815-1848ExamplesQuadruple Alliance, 1814 – defeat NapoleonWaterloo, 1815Congress of Vienna, 1815Seek peace, limit France, but maintain balance of powerRussia took over Finland during power gap“Congress System”“The Holy Alliance” (1815-1848)The most conservative regimes: Austria, Prussia, and RussiaMaintain autocratic governmentCrush liberal, national revolutionsReactions to the Duel Revolution: LiberalismFrench Revolution as triumphant moment, no need to go much furtherLiberty and EqualityFreedom of press, speech, assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest“Talent, not title”Free Trade – “Laissez Faire”Defense of propertyAppeals mostly to the middle classesLaissez Faire: unrestricted enterprise, government doesn’t interfere, economic movementKey LiberalsAdam Smith (1723-1790)Economic liberalism, “The Invisible Hand”: The market will guide itselfSelf-interest will make everyone’s lives betterGovernments should do three things:DefenseCourts and policePublic programs that private individuals won’t provide forJohn Stuart Mill (1806-1873)On Liberty (1859)Subjection of Women (1869)Utarianism: Whatever works best for the people should be utilizedAlexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)Took a road trip through America“Democracy in America”Gradual RevolutionEquality of opportunityPromotes stabilityTyranny of majorityReactions to the Dual Revolution: SocialismFrench Revolution as beginning of ever-greater social justiceEconomic planningGreater economic equality (fraternity, equality)State control of propertyAppeals to most workers and intellectualsKey Socialists:French Socialism:Saint-Simon (1760-1825)Social organization: “Doers” take economic control from “parasites”Doers: engineers, industrialists, etc.Parasites: lawyers, clergy, etc.Moral obligation to help the poorCharles Fourier (1772-1837)PhalangesEmancipation of womenRobert Owen (1771-1858)“New Harmony” Utopian communityMarxian Socialism-CommunismKarl Marx (1818-1895)Synthesis of French Socialism, German philosophy and British classical economicsFrom Gerog Hegel – Dialectical argument(Thesis, anti-thesis, synthesis)Marx – Dialectical MaterialismEconomic base and class relations as driving force of human historyMarxism in practiceCommunist internationalists (1864, 1884, 1914)RevisionismBernstein (1899) Marx was wrong about “immersion”; Social Democracy a better routeScandinavian countriesLabor unionsNationalization of Socialist PartiesHIST 115 1st Edition Lecture 9  The Isms: modern ideologies: Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism Terms:- “The Dual Revolution” – Eric Hobsbawmo Interrelated economic and political change due to the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution- Ideologyo A set of beliefs that explains the world and shapes one’s behavior; a political doctrine 1815-1848- Reverberations of the French Revolutions- Conservative reaction: stay the same or go back to what was before- Persistence of ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity; government by the people (nation)- Romanticism: reaction to Enlightenment rationalityo Romantics known for emotional intensityo A lot of mental illness during this timeo Duels to the death, rejected powdered wig, lived bohemian lifestyles Reactions to the Duel Revolution: Conservatism- Conservatismo The French Revolution was a terrible mistake that ushered in chaos, war, and instability; defend status quo, promote stabilityo Human instability, people either need a strong government or monarchy to protect people- Key Proponentso Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Promoted protection of aristocracyo The Slavophiles: Russians who wanted a return to orthodoxyo Clemens von Metternich (1773-1850) Conservative Reaction, 1815-1848- Exampleso Quadruple Alliance, 1814 – defeat Napoleono Waterloo, 1815o Congress of Vienna, 1815 Seek peace, limit France, but maintain balance of power Russia took over Finland during power gap “Congress System” “The Holy Alliance” (1815-1848) The most conservative regimes: Austria, Prussia, and Russia Maintain autocratic government Crush liberal, national revolutions Reactions to the Duel Revolution: Liberalism- French Revolution as triumphant moment, no need to go much furthero Liberty and Equalityo Freedom of press, speech, assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arresto “Talent, not title”o Free Trade – “Laissez Faire”o Defense of property- Appeals mostly to the middle classeso Laissez Faire: unrestricted enterprise, government doesn’t interfere, economic movement- Key Liberalso Adam Smith (1723-1790) Economic liberalism, “The Invisible Hand”: The market will guide itself Self-interest will make everyone’s lives better Governments should do three things: Defense Courts and police Public programs that private individuals won’t provide for- John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)o On Liberty (1859)o Subjection of Women (1869)o Utarianism: Whatever works best for the people should be utilized- Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)o Took a road trip through Americao “Democracy in America”o Gradual Revolutiono Equality of opportunityo Promotes stabilityo Tyranny of majority Reactions to the Dual Revolution: Socialism- French Revolution as beginning of ever-greater social