Q: Fill in this mad lib. (No, it doesn’t have to make sense.)Morphology 1Slide 3What’s in the mental lexicon?Comparison with dictionariesComparison with dictionariesWhat’s stored in the mental lexicon?Units of the Mental lexiconLexical Access unitsLexical Access unitsTwo main classes of words in the mental lexiconA little experiment…Now read this…Slide 14Two main classes of words in the mental lexiconLexical categories (aka: Parts of Speech)Tests for lexical category (the best of)Tests for lexical category (the best of)Warning…How’s the mental lexicon organized?How’s the mental lexicon organized?Slide 22Slide 23Q: Fill in this mad lib.(No, it doesn’t have to make sense.)Morphology 1•The mental lexicon•Parts of speech3What is the mental lexicon?1What’s in the mental lexicon?For a given word in the mental lexicon, there should be information about…1. the sounds and their sequence2. the meaning3. the word’s lexical category4. information on how to form related words2Comparison with dictionaries3Comparison with dictionaries•Dictionaries: typically used to retrieve the meaning of the words.•- Paper versions•- E-versions (machine readable)•Lexicon: central component of the natural language system•human (brain)•or machine translation program3What’s stored in the mental lexicon?SEE/si:/ phoneticsCV- phonologyVRB grammatical partsV  [NP] subcategorizationConceptual propertiesUnits of the Mental lexicon•Access units–Specific unit•Lexical specification:–The information that is associated with each unit (phonology, phonetics etc…)3Lexical Access unitsMental LexiconQuestion: Nature of representation of units? How do we produce words (Linguistic encoding?We have a set of properties stored in the mental lexicon connected to the concept (semantic primitive) we want to expressLegs: 4Class: herbivore Fur: yesEtc..Lexical Access unitsMental LexiconWhat about speech perception?How do they activate an entry in the mental lexicon?COW(sound properties)Two main classes of words in the mental lexiconOpen class words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs4Closed class words: determiners, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctionsA little experiment…Read this:There in a a, the who was. Her was of her; and her on her. This had a for her. It the that her. 5Now read this…Lived certain village little country girl, prettiest creature ever seen. Mother excessively fond; grandmother doted. good woman little red riding hood made. Suited girl so extremely well everybody called Little Red Riding Hood. 6There lived in a certain village a little country girl, the prettiest creature who was ever seen. Her mother was excessively fond of her; and her grandmother doted on her. This good woman had a little red riding hood made for her. It suited the girl so extremely well that everybody called her Little Red Riding Hood. 7Two main classes of words in the mental lexiconOpen class words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbsClosed class words: determiners, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions aka content wordsaka function words8Lexical categories (aka: Parts of Speech)•So what is a noun, verb, preposition, etc…?•Structural tests for lexical category–Morphology: affixes that the word has or that can be added to it.–Distribution: the word’s position in a phrase or sentence9Tests for lexical category (the best of)•Determiner:–You can put it right before a noun (and its adjectives) (___ hat)–the, a, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, this, that, those…•Auxiliary verb: –You can put it right before a verb (I ____ do that)–modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must–be & have before main verbs (I am thinking; I have thought…) •Pronoun:–You can replace it with a noun phrase (The senator ate the doughnut)–I, me, mine, we, us, ours, you, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it…•Preposition:–You can put it right before a noun phrase (____the box)–You can modify it with right or straight (right ___ the box)–about, above, across, after, against, among, around…10Tests for lexical category (the best of)•Noun:–You can put it right after a determiner (with adjectives) (the _____)–You can make it plural (one ___, five ____)•Main verb: –You can change the tense (seem, seemed, seems, seeming)–You can put it after the infinitive marker “to” (we hope to ____)•Adjective:–You can put it between a determiner and a noun (the ____hero)–You can put it after “seem” (They seem ____)–Modify nouns•Adverb:–You can put it after “do it/that” (He did it ____, We’ll do that___)–Modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, clauses, sentences11Warning…There are many expressions (words) in English that can function as more than one part of speech. You need context to decide how a word is being used. Or if you want to show that a word can belong to a certain lexical category, you need to give context to prove your point.12This warning is brought to you by Toothpaste for Dinner.Can you think of an example?How’s the mental lexicon organized?•A (lame) little experiment…•What do you think the mental lexicon looks like, based on this experiment?vs.14•Another (lame) little experiment…•What do you think the mental lexicon looks like, based on this experiment?•NB: we can see how systems work when we make them break down.How’s the mental lexicon organized?15•http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2013/09/27/john-mcwhorter-ted-ed/•Check readings for next week in the