WilsonThe mental lexicon:Terms to define (and understand examples!):- Lexicon – Dictionary, Vocabulary- Access Units – Specific Units- Lexical specification – Information associated with each unit (Phonology)- Content words – Open class words (N, adv, adj, main V)- Function words – Close class words (Aux V, Det, Pronouns, PP, ConJ (and, or))- Lexical category (be able to name these. Determiner, auxiliary verb, pronoun, preposition etc) – Det, Verb, Noun, Pronoun, PP, Aux V, Adv, Adj- Parts of speech – Lexical CategoryConcepts to understand:Mental Lexicon: For a given word in the mental lexicon, there should be information about… (4 things)Sound and Sequence, Meaning, Word’s lexical category, How to form related words.What is stored in the mental lexicon?Phonetics, Phonology, Grammar Parts, Subcategorization, Conceptual Properties.How does the mental lexicon function in storing and retrieving words?It is connected to the concept we want to express. It could be sounds, shapes.What are the two main classes of words in the mental lexicon? Explain each and know the word classes belonging in each.Content Words (Open Class words), Function Words (Closed Class words)Can words function as more than one part of speech?Yes.Other than part of speech, what else can help decide on how a word is being used in a sentence?Its Context.Morphology:Terms to define (and understand examples!):- Morpheme – Smallest unit that was meaning (words)- Bound morpheme – Always connected to root, can’t stay alone- Free morpheme – The root word- Derivational morpheme – Changes meanings, sometimes even categories.- Inflectional morpheme – Doesn’t change meanings, not even categories but adds grammatical meaning- Allomorph – Same word but has different ways of pronunciations, which means different- Affix – Additions o Prefixo Suffixo Infixo Circumfixo Suppletion (go-went) Word formation processo Borrowingo Affixation (adding stuff)o Reduplicationo Compoundingo Blendingo Neologism (making up from scratch) - Derivational processes – (forming a new word on the basis of an existing word)- Inflectional processes – (remaking words by adding affixes)Concepts to understand:Structural ambiguity of morphemes – Multiple meaningsWord formation process. What are the three ways (and their subgroups) that we can create words? Examples?1. Borrowing2. Create from existing words – (Affixes, Reduplication, Compounding, Blending)3. Make up new words from scratch (Neologism)What are the three types of morphological systems? Be able to explain and provide an example language for each.1. Analytic – (words tend to be monomorphic – Chinese)2. Agglutinating – (words have more than one morpheme, but morpheme boundaries are easy to identify – Hungarian, Turkish)3. Inflectional – (Inflectional morphology – Italian, German)How to morphology and word order relate?More inflectional morphology has freer syntaxThings you should be able to do:- Break words into their individual morphemes (Free, Bound)- Be able to classify morphemes into free, bound-derivational, or bound-inflectionalo This was a great activity to help out! Try to explain the function of each morpheme and classify it as one of the above A.: Nicer, painter, runner, feather B: Clocks, Nick’s hearts, glass C: Friendly, sadly, softly, silly D: Sons, lens, vans, runs E: Youngster, faster, monster, gangster F: Wrestling, handling, fling, duckling G: Nifty, ducky, thrifty, lucky H: Given, maven, wooden, taken- Be able to create the hierarchical structure tree for words- Be able to solve morphology puzzles (datasets) (such as the Persian or Michoacan example in class)Syntax:Terms to define (and understand examples!):- Syntax – Grammar, Descriptive- Syntactic constituents (What are examples of these that we use in hierarchical structures?) – S, NP, VP- Phrase-Structure Rules (PSRs) – formal statements that show the composition and structure of phrases and sentences1. Moves as a phase unit2. Structure ambiguity- Node – Point of intersection- Head – Main element of the Phase ( NP – N)- Recursion – Repeats- Parentheses – An element is optional- 3 types of verbs (and be able to give examples!) Subcategorizationso Intransitive – Only one subjecto Transitive – Only one objecto Ditranstive – Two objects (Objects are only directly dominated after VP)- 3 types clauses and be able to give examples! Clauses – Syntax unit consisting of a Verb and its NP (Subject+Predicate)o Simple – (one main verb)o Coordinate – (linked by coordinating conjunction (and, or )) +2So Embedded – (clauses that occurs inside of a clause) +2S Relative – (clause inside NP) Subordinate – (clause inside VP)It has an COMP (that, who)Concepts to understandIs Syntax about descriptive or prescriptive rules? - DescriptiveWhat are the two pieces of evidence indicating that sentences have hierarchical structure?Moves as a phase unit, Structure ambiguityStructural ambiguity – The sentence means multiple ways.Each syntactic constituent (NP, VP…) and how to determine what part of a sentence is each. – With verbs and nouns.What are the four tests for constituency?1. Substitution2. Movement3. Coordination4. Independence The Phrase-Structure Rules (What syntactic constituents precede others?)S-(NP, VP) NP-(Det, A, N, PP) VP-(V, NP)Be able to identify these four grammatical relations:SubjectDirect ObjectIndirect ObjectObliqueThings you should be able to do:- Create a hierarchical syntax tree for statement and yes/no questions. We did the following in class, but they are great for practice:o The man fell slowlyo The cat is falling slowly o The pig laughed at the Latin data.o That pigeon on the bench ate the doughnuts.o I shot an elephant in my pajamaso I shot an elephant in my pajamaso Will Suze earn a fair wage?- Run a syntactic constituent through the four tests of constituency.- Identify the heads of a constituent- You should be able to draw a hierarchical syntax tree in order to disambiguate ambiguous sentences (i.e., “I shot the elephant in my pajamas)Psycholinguistics:1) What is psycholinguisticsStudy relationship between linguistic behavior and psychological process, such as brain activities.2) What does psycholinguistics studyBrain activities due to linguistic actions, behaviors and thoughts.3) Methods used in psycholinguistics researchEye movement, Lexical decision task, Grammatical judgments