Day 3Slide 2Slide 3Practice drawing treesWhat do the underlined bits have in common?So what is a grammatical relation?SUBJECTDIRECT OBJECTDIRECT OBJECT (cont.)INDIRECT OBJECTOBLIQUETypes of VerbsHow is the verb bake used here?How is the verb bake used here?How is the verb bake used here?How is the verb bake used here?WarningWhat’s a Clause?Simple ClausesCoordinate ClausesEmbedded ClausesRelative ClausesRelative ClausesRelative Clauses and Grammatical RelationsRelative Clauses and Grammatical RelationsRelative Clauses and Grammatical RelationsSubordinate ClausesSubordinate ClausesYes/no questions formationDay 3Q: Diagram this sentence: The cat chases the mouse.Practice drawing trees1) The green-haired children sleep peacefully.2) The chair with the wooden frame broke yesterday.3) The quarterback wrote me a letter.http://zhenia.wordpress.com/2007/01/15/drawing-a-tree/What do the underlined bits have in common?•Joe Biden exploded a water balloon all over me.•A water balloon exploded all over me.•Turtles hate to be petted.•Hatred destroys communities.•When we came yesterday, that door opened easily.•How do you feel about tacos? Tacos I love.•Yellow monsters scare Zelda.•Zelda fears yellow monsters.•It rains every day.1So what is a grammatical relation?•The structural relationship between an NP and its verb•Types of grammatical relations:1. subject2. direct object3. indirect object4. oblique2•NP immediately dominated by S.SUBJECT3•NP immediately dominated by VP.–Option 1: The only object of the verb. DIRECT OBJECT5DIRECT OBJECT (cont.)•NP immediately dominated by VP.–Option 2: The 2nd object of a verb with 2 objects. (Engl.) 6•NP immediately dominated by VP.–The 1st object of a verb with 2 objects. (Engl.) INDIRECT OBJECT7•NP immediately dominated by PP.–In other words: “the object of the preposition”OBLIQUE4Types of Verbs•Verbs get to decide what NPs they “take.”•We call this the verb’s subcategorization.•3 types of verbs based on subcategorization...1. Intransitive: Only have a subject.2. Transitive: Have one object.3. Ditransitive:Have two objects.8How is the verb bake used here?1. Intransitive: Only have a subject.2. Transitive: Have one object.3. Ditransitive:Have two objects.9How is the verb bake used here?1. Intransitive: Only have a subject.2. Transitive: Have one object.3. Ditransitive:Have two objects.10How is the verb bake used here?1. Intransitive: Only have a subject.2. Transitive: Have one object.3. Ditransitive:Have two objects.11How is the verb bake used here?1. Intransitive: Only have a subject.2. Transitive: Have one object.3. Ditransitive:Have two objects.12Warning1. Intransitive: Only have a subject.2. Transitive: Have one object.3. Ditransitive:Have two objects.Objects of the verb are NPs immediately dominated by the VP. NPs immediately dominated by PPs are NOT objects of the verb—they’re objects of the preposition. Any of these 3 types of verbs can occur with PPs.13•A syntax unit consisting of a verb and its NPs (subject + predicate)What’s a Clause?Types of clauses:1.Simple2.Coordinate3.Embeddeda) Relativeb) Subordinatehttp://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/find-santa-claus.htm14[S This sentence represents a simple clause]Simple Clauseshttp://paintthepig.wordpress.com/2010/12/23/kiss-keep-it-simple-santa/Simple clauses just have one main verb.15[S [S I am my own clause] and [S he is too]!Coordinate Clauseshttp://www.santahollywood.com/santascelebphotos.htmCoordinate clauses are independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction.16[S Embedded clauses represent clauses [S that occur inside other clauses]]Embedded Clauseshttp://retuzzi.blogspot.com/2010_12_01_archive.html17Relative Clauses•[S Here is an embedded clause [S that is a relative clause]]Relative clauses are embedded inside NPs and modify the head noun of the NP.–E.g.: the concept that you understandRelative Pronoun“COMP”Stands for complementizer18Relative Clauses•[NP The concept [S that you understand]]19Relative pronouns have a grammatical relation within the subordinate clause.The hippo laughed at the man who caught him.The hippo laughed at the [NP the man [S who caught him]].The man caught him.This relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause.Relative Clauses and Grammatical RelationsRelative pronouns have a grammatical relation within the subordinate clause.Hey, the strawberries that you gave me weren’t real.Hey, [NP the strawberries [S that you gave me] weren’t real.You gave me the strawberries.This relative pronoun is the direct object of the relative clause.Relative Clauses and Grammatical RelationsRelative pronouns have a grammatical relation within the subordinate clause.She is the math professor who John sings about.She is [NP the math professor [S who John sings about]].John sings about the math professor.This relative pronoun an oblique in the relative clause.Relative Clauses and Grammatical RelationsSubordinate Clauses•[S You know [S that I am a subordinate clause]]Subordinate clauses are embedded inside the larger clause (often in the VP). –E.g.: I hope that you understandSubordinator (or Subordinating Conjunction) “COMP”complementizer20Subordinate Clauses•[S I hope [S that you understand]]21Yes/no questions