What novel information did you gather from the documentary American Tongues? Mention 2 points.Some terminologyMoreDifferent dialect or different language?Slide 5What’s your favorite 2nd person plural pronoun?What do you call this?Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10What do you call these?PowerPoint PresentationSlide 13Grammatical markers of dialectWould you use a sentence like: “It’s hard to find a good job anymore”?Would you use a sentence like: “I’m done my homework”?The “needs washed” constructionPhonological markers of dialectHow do you pronounce these words?What’s a vowel merger?Isoglosses of the pin-pen mergerUnconditioned MergersIsoglosses of the low-back mergerUrban Dialect Areas by AccentSo why all this variation?NTSLanguage AttitudesEthnic Varieties of American EnglishAfrican-American EnglishSlide 30Slide 31Socioeconomic Status VaritiesSlide 33Especially important pointsDialect/Accent LinksWhat novel information did you gather from the documentary American Tongues? Mention 2 points.Some terminology•register / style –LANGUAGE VARIETIES characteristic of situations of use•dialect –LANGUAGE VARIETIES characteristic of particular regional groups (regional dialect) or social groups (social dialect)•accent –the phonological features of a particular language varietyMore•idiolect –LANGUAGE VARIETY of a particular individual–We can have several varieties within one individual!–http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/03/18/174639342/six-moments-of-code-switching-in-popular-culture•language –a collection of LANGUAGE VARIETIES (esp. dialects) that are historically related and similar in vocabulary and structureDifferent dialect or different language?“…people who talk with one another tend to talk like one another” (Finegan 2012:373)•Linguistic features?•Mutual intelligibility?•Politics?Different dialect or different language?Dialects of the same language: the speech of groups whose members choose to say they are speakers of the same language.What’s your favorite 2nd person plural pronoun?Image from: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zrOvBhtGoDw/SAN0DP2tWQI/AAAAAAAAC7w/DHQFfd-FhKY/s1600-h/dialect.gifhttp://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_50.htmlWhat do you call this?What do you call this?What do you call this?What do you call this?What do you call these?Mapping dialects:•isogloss: lines marking the boundary of a particular dialectal feature•dialect boundary: the location of a bundle of isoglossesMore terminologyGrammatical markers of dialectImage from: http://www.michelart.net/paintings_comic.html#Would you use a sentence like:“It’s hard to find a good job anymore”?Would you use a sentence like:“I’m done my homework”?“Go down the shore”?“I’m going to get started awhile”?The “needs washed” construction•regional: verb + past participle (“needs washed”)•standard: verb + infinitive marker (=to) + auxiliary (=be) + past participle (“needs to be washed”)Survey Q: Have you heard it? (http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/needs-washed.aspx)Phonological markers of dialectHow do you pronounce these words?What’s a vowel merger?Isoglosses of the pin-pen mergerUnconditioned MergersIsoglosses of the low-back mergerUrban Dialect Areas by AccentSo why all this variation?NTSload videos…•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UoJ1-ZGb1w•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlWOu9FHm-I&feature=relatedLanguage Attitudes•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vF9g37FCmk&p=11D1A11A88A6FF2A&playnext=1&index=44•Recommended: Watch the whole film (American Tongues, 1988) available at the library!Image from: http://www.heymister.net/blog/2009/9/11/the-world-needs-more-american-flag-tongues.htmlEthnic Varieties of American English •Social boundaries promote distinct language varieties •Systematic rules govern the structures and use of all dialects•Phonological Features–Deletion of final stop consonants•side ~ sigh (followe[d], trie[d], si[d]e angle)–Interdental ~ labiodental substitution•both: [bo f]; smooth: [smuv]ʊ–Aunt [ nt] ɑ–ask [æks] African-American English•Grammatical Features–Copula deletion•The coffee cold.–Habitual be•The coffee bees cold.–Existential it•Is it a Miss Jones in this office?–Negative concord•He don’t go nowhere.African-American EnglishLANGUAGE ATTITUDES: What’s the ‘mainstream’ attitude toward African American English?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlWOu9FHm-I&feature=relatedAfrican-American English•Patterns of speech characterize different socioeconomic status groups Socioeconomic Status Varities •Labov’s department store study:Employees at 3 Manhattan department stores:–Saks: expensive, upper-middle class patrons–Macy’s: medium-priced, middle class patrons–S. Klein: discount store, working class patronsSocioeconomic Status Varities Where can I find the lamps? fourth floor Excuse me? fourth floorEspecially important points•Dialects are an important ingredient in social identity – they have important symbolic value•Linguistic features that are recognized as characteristic of specific social groups can be used to promote or reinforce affiliation with that identity•All language varieties are systematic and rule governed. From a linguistic perspective, none are inferior!Dialect/Accent Links•The Audio Archive: http://www.alt-usage-english.org/audio_archive.shtml•The Speech Accent Archive: http://accent.gmu.edu/•Voices of Berkley Project: http://voicesof.berkeley.edu/•The Dialect Survey: http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/index.html•Dictionary of American Regional English: http://dare.wisc.edu/•The Atlas of North American English: http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html•American Dialect Links: