BBMB 405 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture XIV Chapter 22 Fatty Acid Metabolism C Unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids require additional steps for degradation Outline of Current Lecture XIV Chapter 22 Fatty Acid Metabolism C Unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids require additional steps for degradation con t Current Lecture XIV Chapter 22 Fatty Acid Metabolsim C Unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids require additional steps for degradation 6 Ketone bodies are formed from acetyl CoA when fat breakdown predominates a What if too much FA coming into liver excess end up as ketone bodies KB and dumped into blood stream b Fatty acid irreversible Pyruvate glucose c Ac CoA d KB TCA cycle 2CO2 e Fatty acid oxidation is incomplete ketone metabolism f Anything that produce Ac CoA is non glucogenic g Handout 2 4 Major Fates of FA in liver h FA FA CoA TAG in VLDL very low density and get out of liver i FA CoA via beta oxidation Ac CoA KB when lover overwhelmed or 2CO2 via TCA cycle These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute j Ketone bodies acetoacetate Beta Hydroxybutyrate not really ketone ketone possibly acetate k Enzymes of ketogenesis Thiolase HMG CoA synthase HMG CoA lyase BHBA dehydrogenase l Con t Handout 2 4 i Conditions associated with increased ketogenesis are all related to shortage of glucose ii Etiology of ketosis increase ketogenesis leads to Ketonemia ketone bodies in blood and ketonuria abnormally high amounts of ketones and ketone bodies in urine iii Development of fatty liver ketosis Glucose shortage increase glucagon and decrease insulin increased FA in liver and Protein in muscle and liver increase ratio of NADH to NAD in lver partial inhibition of TCA cycle in liver decrease in OAA amino acids Methionine increase TAG in liver and KB synthesis m Formation of Ketone bodies n Acetoacetate is not stable and is decarboxylated to acetone and kydroxybutyrate released into blood stream for other tissues o Excrete acetone through lungs or urine p Brain cell starvation i Extreme starvation 7 days ii Brain adapts and burns ketone bodies iii Fatty acids is not used as fuel iv 50 of ATP by ketone bodies v Have no idea how much brain cell produces in ATP q Utalization of acetoacetate as fuel r CoA tranferase allows us to activate acetoacetate enzyme is missing in liver and that is why acetoacetate is end product in liver s t Animals cannot convert fatty acids into glucose u D Fatty acids are synthesized by fatty acid synthase FAS 1 Note will do this section in next lecture 2 Note Lectures 1 through 11 are on exam 1
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