Psyc 104 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (January 14)Topic: Conditioning and Learning; Basic principles and phenomenaThis lectures focus was the operant experiment; this is essentially an experimental model of voluntary behavior. Subjects that are used in these experiments have freedom to do what they want. This is known as free yet lawful because it is an experiment that is determined by its consequences. Key terms to note from this lecture are as follows. Reinforcer: Any consequence of a behavior that increases the strength and makes reoccurrence more likely. Operant Behavior: Something that causes change to the current environment. Stimulus control: The operant behavior is controlled by stimuli in their environment1. Describe the rational for the anticipation, blank trials, and sign-tracking procedures used to directly demonstrate and measure classical conditioning. a. Anticipation: The presentation of the CS without any prior learning to see if the CR occurs naturally (if it does than this isn’t the CRb. Blank trials are used to understand the inherent response to a stimulus. From this the US UR CS and CR can be defined. c. Sign-tracking is manipulating stimuli to be more appetitive and therefor cause quicker learning2. Conditioned emotional suppression is used to indirectly measure the strength of the classical conditioninga. Animals have a natural tendency to become distracted when exposed to emotions, namely fear. By conditioning fear into a classical conditioning experiment, the number of responses may change. The strength of the learning is therefor measured by the ratio of responses during a CS interval to the number of responses prior to the interval added to the number of responses during the interval. This is termed the Suppression Ratio. A ratio that indicates strong learning is of .5 this should make sense because if the number of responses made during an interval is half that is made when the before and after responses are added, than it shows there was no change in the rate of responding once the fear was added. 3. Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory learning.a. Excitatory learning is when a stimulus predicts a response and inhibitory is when a stimulus predicts the absence of a response. Pavlov saw these as having equal importance. 4. Define the following classical conditioning phenomena:a. Acquisition: The predictive relationship between the US and CSb. Extinction: This occurs when the US no longer follow the CS, and the CR is consequently reduced c. Spontaneous Recovery: A process that occurs after extinction when the connection between the US and CS is re-strengthenedd. External inhibition: A phenomena that occurs during classical conditioning when a novel stimulus other than the CS is presented in conjunction with the CS and the CR is consequently weakened. e. Disinhibition: A phenomena that occurs during extinction when a novel stimulus is presented in conjunction with the previous CS and there is an increase in the strength of the CRf. Renewal: A context specific idea of learning in which a behavior that has been extinguished in one context, will likely still occur if presented in a different context. g. Stimulus Generalization: Previously acquired responses will occur after stimuli other than original one. h. Discrimination: This occurs when the learner differentiates between the response after one stimulus and the response after another stimulusi. Higher order conditioning: A previously neutral stimulus is conditioned to a US to become a CS and in turn another previously neutral stimulus is conditioned to that CS.j. Sensory preconditioning: Two neutral stimuli are presented in a predictive relationship with each other. Lecture 2 (January 16)Conditioning and learning 2: “Much like the law of gravity the laws of learning are always in effect”1. The law of effecta. Operant behavior depends on consequences b. Operant conditioning paradigm: Punishment tends to be less effective than reinforcement2. Two basic forms of learninga. Operant conditioningb. Classical conditioning3. The operant-respondent distinctiona. Operant behaviori. Controlled by its consequencesii. Classic examples: rat lever pressingb. Respondent behaviori. Controlled by its antecedentsii. Example: Pavlov’s dogLecture 3 (January 21)Classical Conditioning with drugsi. So now we raise the question what was Pavlov’s dog actually doinga. Conditioned responsesi. The condition response is drooling but thii. Other types of Pavlovian learning with fooda. Flavor preference learningi. Sugar, starch, calories, fat, protein, medicineb. Flavor aversion learningi. Flavor-illnessii. Flavor-unpleasant tasteiii. Fear conditioninga. Conditioned response fear (an emotion)b. Thought in clinical psychology to be the basis of many anxiety disorders, it Is thought that people have learned to associate those environmental stimuli with traumac. Defensive reactioniv. Conditioning with drugsa. Conditioned compensatory responsei. Usually opposite to the upcoming effect of the unconditioned stimulusii. Operated on the purpose of maintaining homeostasisi. Drug tolerance1. Compensatory relationship is in essence an effect will cancel out the effects of the drug2. Drug tolerance is lost when we change the environment and it is due to the development of a measureable compensatory responsev. Implications for drug overdosea. The environmental change can be enough to create a overdose situationb. The compensatory response will not be as strong or can even be lost when the environment is outside the usual context in which the drug is typically administered.Lecture 4 (January 23)Focus: Predictive learning; Basic variable and Theoretical issues1. What makes learning happena. Conditioning is not simply a matter of associating events that occur in temporal proximity, there is something else going on…i. Blocking1. The interfering effect of prior experience on learning association between CS and US2. The element of surprise is crucial in learningb. Leaning will only occur if the US was surprising or if there was prediction errori. Prediction error: Being unable to accurately predict what will follow a stimulus. c. Overall learning occurs when individuals obtain new information enabling them to predict events they were previously unable to predict. 2. Describe how the following variable influence the classical conditioning processa. CS/US sequencei. Theres many different sequences of