PSYC 104 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lecture One Focus: Types Of AttentionInput attention vs Controlled attentionInput attention involuntary attention captures As display size increases the reaction time increases as well (gets slower) If the new case is not the target letter than you have to orient yourself to that and reaction time is slowed. In the study subjects are presented with a sudden unexpected stimulus that they involuntarily orient themselves to and if it’s the targetletter reaction time will be faster and if its not the target that reaction time will be slowerIClicker question.The data shown in this figure suggest that if the target appears in a new location, the targetA. Must be searched forB. Does not need to be searched for Input attention: Voluntary spotlight attention-Spatial cueing task (reaction time measure task) Valid trails are when the arrow points to wherte the target will spear Invalid trails: Arros points opposite to where the target will appear Neutral trials: Arrow points in both directions  The reaction time in these other trials is being compared to the neutral trials This is a pretty famous result here the left and right visual fields experience the same conclusion. On valid trials not surprisingly we are a little bit faster compared to nuetral trials, and importantly the invalid trials we are a little bit slower than the neutral trials. With the idea that the arrow deceives our mental attention, and in order to do this we must disengage from where the arrow is pointing our attention, sweep our attention over to the dot and than reengage on the dot. This is why we area little bit slower because this mental activity takes a little bit of time. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Input attention: Visual Searcho Feature search There is just one feature that uniquely identifies our target and so thetarget just pops out and takes us virtually no time to identify this objecto A conjunctive search: We must search for two or more features and it is the combination of those two features that leads us to identify the target. o Find the human faceIclicker question: The data shown in this figure suggest that searching for _____face is a feature searcha) Humanb) Animalc) Neither human or animal  Explanation: the human faces are more distinctive, because the reaction timedoesn’t change as the number of factors in the display increases. Pigeons in visual search studies When you have different number of distractors (anything outside the target search region) the pigeons are better at localizing the target with less distracters. But when there is color involved the accuracy is not dependent on the number of distracters. Lecture Two Focus: Selective AttentionSelective attention: choosing one environmental stimulus for further processing out of many possible stimuliControlled attention Selective auditory attention is a gateway Early selection theory: attention acts as a selective filter between sensory memory and short term memory, for example one would be limited in recalling the ignored message in a shadowing task because the message never makes it to short term memory Late selection theory: All incoming stimuli receive at least some meaningful processing and some are selected for further processing, for example shadowing right ear when rest of sentence witches to unattended left earEarly vs Late selection theoryii. Iclicker question: Which theory of selective auditory attention do the results of the Dichotic listening task supporta. Early selection theoryb. Late selection theory If the words in the unattended ear were processed for meaning they should have hada fear response to the shock words but in group 2 there was no difference between the fear response. The meaning of the words in the unattended ear was not processed because there was no fear response to the words paired with shock.Spotlight attention on objects Selective visual attention operates by selecting objects to attend to rather than locations in space This is measured by how much activity is increased in a particular brain area Attending to one and ignoring the other even though your looking right at both of themControlled attention: mental resources and conscious processingAttention blink: Brief period of time after the detection of a stimulus during which another stimuluscannot be detectedArnell & Jolicoeur (1999)  Monitoring both the visual and the auditory streams Result: if the x occurs soon after the number you are not as good at detect it, it as if our attention is captured by the nuber and that it sort of blinks and misses the visual probe. If there is a longer gap between the auditory probe presentation and the visual probe presentation than it is detected better because it is believed that the attention blink is overPsychological refractory period: Brief period of time after one response is selected during which a second response cannot be selectedb. Results: When they happen in rapid succession subjects are much slower to make that rapid response, and when there is more of delay between the two your timingis quicker and you actually approach the time for the first response. The idea here is that you are still in the process of selecting which petal press to make so the response selection for which key to press has to wait until you have made the decision about which pedal to press. When there is space the idea is that you have already made the pedal press decision so your latency doesn’t effect you very muchLecture Three Focus: Attention and automaticityFrom attention to automaticitya. Automaticity: tendedncy for cofnitive processes to occur non intentionally unconsiousclt and with little effort.a) Can develop for well practiced skillsb) Attempts to explain what is going on in this transition from automatic to controlled processingc) Increased speed theory d) Serial completion of taskparallel completion of taskse) Gradual withdrawl of attention from a task that is practiced over and overVisual search task: Consistent mapping vs varied mappingResults: IclickerThe data shown I these two figures suffest that a ________mapping produces automaticity in a visual search taska. Consistentb. VariedExplanation: because the display size is a flat function so the reaction time is the same regardless of the