Psych 104 1st Edition Exam # 3 Study Guide Measuring brain structure and functionMeasuring Brain Structure and function1. Whys study the braina. This is goal of neuroscience in generalb. We can study it at a bunch of different levels of analysisc. The overall trend is that as we zoom our focus our from molecular to systematic perspective our scientific knowledge decreases 2. Brain structure orientationsa. We can divide the brain up into three planes1. Horizontal plane2. Sagittal plane3. Coronal planeii. Dorsalupwardiii. Rostral (ventral)downwardb. Brodmans areasi. Cerebral Cortexii. His overall idea is structure and function are relatediii. Where do structures send their information to and where do they get their information from3. Structural neuroimaginga. Computerized tomographyi. A photo of the brain at a particular point in timeb. Magnetic resonance imagingMolecular level (subcellular level)M olecular level (subcellular level)At the cellular level (how individual neurons function)At the cellular level (how individu al neurons fu nction )The network level (how whole groups of neurons connect and function together)The netw o rk level (how w hole groups of neurons connect and functio n together)At the systems level (interaction between brain areas)At the system s level (interaction betw een brain areas)i. Images created from brief disruptions of atoms in tissue aligned by magnet; these atoms are essentially knocked out of alignment and the picture arises from the time they take to come back into alignment, these lapses of time are different for different tissue4. Manipulations of brain function: Accidental damage and experimental lesionsa. Neuropsychology: branch of psychology that studies relation between brain function andusually human behaviorb. Experimental brain lesions: removal or deactivation of specific brain regions in order to study relation between brain function and behavior***These two compliment each other , you cant just do one or the other and get all the answers5. Measure of brain functions single cell recordinga. Single cell recording:i. We can isolate one neuron and follow that one neuron and take it to be representative of the neurons around itb. EEG: Electroencephalography measures electrical activity generated at synapses in the brainc. Functional Neuroimaginingi. Positron emission tomography (PET): Measures brain activity by detecting radiation from the decay (positron emission) of a radioactive tracer associated with the brain’s use of glucose.1. The thought is that the areas that are using the most glucose are the ones that are the most functional for the particular event/behaviorii. Functional MRI: Measures the brain activity be detection of oxygenation levels of blood which changes when neurons are active. ***The combined information that all these techniques give that enables the advancing of bio-psychologyd. The preceding two types of measure aren’t evaluating neuronal electrical activity directly they are evaluating it indirectly, whereas the single cell recording and the EEG are direct measures of neuronal electrical activity. 6. fMRIa. Basically what your doing is comparing the different activity levels in the brain when the person is doing something that your in versus the brain activity when the subject is either doing something that your not interested in or really not doing much of anything also known as a control1. Iclicker questiona. Of the following which measurement technique has the poorest temporal resolutioni. Local field potential recordingii. Electroencephalographyiii. Position emissions tomographyiv. Functional magnetic resonance imaging b. The reason why the answer is PET Scan is not as accurate as to the activity of the neuronsc. The first two choices are direct measures of brain activity while the last two are indirect measures of glucose and oxygen which are indirectly related to brain activityMemory and the Hippocampus1. Hippocampal dependencesa. Declarative memory: Hippocampal dependentb. Non-declarative memory: Non hippocampal dependent2. Medial temporal lobes in primatesa. Hippocampusb. Entorhinal cortexi. Received input from the perirhinal cortexii. Thought of this pathway in which we have highly processed cortical information that passes though the Perirhinal cortex which send this to the hippocampus who does something (we don’t know exactly what) and than send it to the entorhinalc. Para hippocampal cortexd. Primates have medial temporal lobe, rodents do not. There are homologous regions between the rat and the human these are areas that are similar but different anatomically. **Iclicker questionWhich of these brain structure is present in monkeys and humans but not in ratsa. Hippocampusb. Perirhinal cortexc. Para hippocampal cortexd. Postrhinal cortex n(the equivalent of the parahippocampal cortex in rodents)e. Entorhinal cortexTextbook ReadingsNeuroanatomy: Important parts of the brain1. Brain Anatomya. Old brain (brain stem)responsible for basic and primitive principles. Located below thecortexi. Thalamus: major relay station from the sensor systems of the boy into the neocortexii. Corpus Callosum: Connection between the two halves of the brain that allow us to pass information from one side to the otheriii. Hippocampus: especially important in long tem memory processes especially concerning those memories which are consciousiv. Amygdala: processes emotional informationb. Cerebral Cortex (neocortex)higher-level mental processes. i. Is wrinkled for larger surface areaii. Frontal Lobe: Cognitive controliii. Parietal Lobe: Spatial sensoryiv. Occipital Lobe: Visual processingv. Temporal Lobe: Auditory, linguistic, memory processing vi. Brodmanns Areas: Areas of the brain that are distinguished by specific neurologic function2. Principles of functioninga. Contralateralityi. The idea that the opposite hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite sides of the bodyb. Hemispheric specializationi. The two hemispheres, although they look similar, have very distinct functions. This is the concept of Cerebral Lateralization.ii. Cerebral Lateralization: Different functions or actions within the brain tend to rely more heavily on one hemisphere or the other or tend to be performed differently in the two hemispheres3. Cortical specializationLocalization of function for different types of cognitiona. Sensory cortex: processing sensory informationb. Motor cortex: controlling voluntary muscle movementsc.