ENVS 202 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Intro to WetlandsII. Wetlands and CarbonIII. Wetlands and ClimateOutline of Current Lecture I. Review II. BiodiversityIII. Bullfrogs and Invasive SpeciesCurrent LectureI. ReviewBiodiversity exists at various levelsWithin speciesAt the species level (species richness, species evenness, effective number of species)Ecosystem levelAquaculture and AgricultureAgriculture uses resources like soils and nutrients: problems with industrial agricultureFood production is changing (or at least needs to)There’s varying levels of efficiency in producing meatsWetlandsThey produce a lot of CH4, nullify the sequestration benefitsThey sequester most of the world’s SOMThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. BiodiversityEcosystem FragmentationUnfragmented: every level of life is present, area is pristine and healthyFor land use, forests (and other ecosystems) are fragmentedSpecies richness and species evenness typically declineNot every species is affected in the same wayMuch of the fragmented area becomes an edge, which is usually bad for the life inside the areaKeystone species: species that has a disproportionate effect on the environment relative to its abundanceThey typically help determine the types and population sizes of other speciesEx. Sea otters (sea urchin and kelp populations are kept in check by sea otters, kelp forests provide habitat for a lot of other species)Beavers (dammed water bodies create lots of habitats)Northern Spotted Owls are likely an indicator species because they demonstrate a distinctive aspect of the quality of the environmentThey rely upon so many other organisms and traits of growthBiodiversity isn’t just what is present, but what has been lost or addedIII. Bullfrogs and Invasive SpeciesBullfrogs are an invasive species in the PNWClimate change models predict warmer, wetter springs, which would favor bullfrogsNorthern Spotted OwlNorthern Flying SquirrelsTruffles (spore bearing structures ofmycorrhizal fungi)- -Bullfrogs require warm water to reproduce in and won’t survive in ephemeral pondsShading that cools ponds will disfavor bullfrogsDraining ponds at the end of summer will kill bullfrog tadpolesInvasive species are alien species that are introduced to an area outside their original range and cause harm to preexisting speciesThere are no natural enemies to limit their reproductionOne of the leading threats to biodiversityMajor invasive species in the PNW include: diffuse knapweed, English ivy, sudden oak death, yellow starthistle, feral pigNational 10 most wanted invasive species: zebra mussel, rusty crayfish, New Zealand mud snail, American bullfrog, Chinese mitten crab, Asian carp, Oriental weatherfish, red-eared slider, Northern snakehead, feral swine/ wild