ENVS 202 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Willamette Valley Land UseII. Salmon in the PNW Case StudyIII. Salmon: Life History and EvolutionOutline of Current Lecture I. Long Tom Watershed CouncilII. Salmon in the PNWIII. Residence TimeCurrent LectureI. Long Tom Watershed CouncilLong Tom River enters the Willamette River north of MonroeLong Tom Watershed accounts for 410 square miles of waterLand use is a mix of urban, agriculture, rural, residential, and forestryPopulation of about 15000 people benefit from the Long Tom WatershedLong Tom Watershed Council’s mission: improving quality and quantity through educationLTWC deals mostly with water on privately owned land and they work directly with private owners. LWTC is a non-profit and attempts to implement restoration through trust and credibility building with private owners of landThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.LWTC brings about $1 million in grant dollars to the community for benefit of both public and private landWhat does the LWTC do?Educate on local land, water, and wildlifeWork hand-in-hand with landownersTakes care of local habitats and waterwaysGathering and sharing valuable data through scientific surveys and monitoringInvolving volunteers in all their initiativesLTWC ProjectsFish/Stream HabitatRemoving/replacing migration barriersPlacing large wood into streams Replacing non-native weeds with native trees and shrubsFish Passage Improvement: installing bridges rather than culverts (which are a velocity and height challenge for fish) or installing culverts that are easier to navigate Of 275 culverts, 80% are barriers in the LT watershedRiparian/Stream HabitatImproving and creating wildlife habitatsShade lowers stream temperatureProvides better bank stability Filters stream waterCutthroat Trout Migration StudyLearned about seasonal migratory patterns and triggersEstimated population and population trendsTracked with microchipsPrioritized areas for habitat restorationTagged over 500 fishImproving Wildlife HabitatOak savanna/ woodland thinning and oak habitat enhancementOnly 1% of historic oak savanna habitat is in the Willamette Valley, oaks have declined due to urban development, lack of fire, and encroachmentRemoving invasive species from upland and wet prairiePlanting native speciesRestoring wetland habitatUrban Water/Wildlife ProgramTesting water quality and samples pesticidesOutreach to local businesses and private land Bridging urban and rural communitiesUrban storm water improvement projectsPesticide stewardship through education and outreachWillamette River Outreach and RestorationImplements projects which benefit fish and wildlifeOutreach for invasive weed removal, surveys, and treatmentLTWC Impact over 15 years79 habitat restoration projectsOver 26 miles of stream have been restoredOver 850 total acres have been restored, including 600 acres of rare oakII. Salmon in the PNWThere are seven total species, two of which are troutThe number of species isn’t a sufficient measure of salmon’s diversity, salmon are considered diverse due to the varying stream types and ocean types of salmon Geologic history influencing salmon:Coastal Mountain Range rotates and upliftsCascades form, causes major changes in river drainage patterns Interior lava flows in the PNW change river patterns and creates localized extinction of certain salmon runsDrainage patterns from two million years ago are similar to our drainage patterns todayStream type of Chinook (found mainly in Alaska)Spend 1+ years in freshwater before they migrate to the oceanUndertakes extensive ocean migrationReturns to natal streams in the spring and summerOcean type (found mainly in N. California and Oregon)Moves out of the river after they evolve from being reddsDon’t travel far offshoreReturn to natal streams immediately prior to spawningStream types are found more in the north because of the stability and productivity of riverine environments where fry are rearedIII. Residence TimeSteady state vs. Dynamic systemI = O ±ΔS : Inputs = Outputs plus or minus a change in the SystemReservoirs: the residence time is the average time a unit of something that remains within the reservoirτ = V/F : Residence time = volume divided by flow rate (flux)Residence time is measured in time (seconds, minutes, days, etc.)Volume is measured in length cubed (cubic meters, cubic feet, etc.)Volume flux or discharge/transport rate : volume per time (meters cubed per second,