ENVS 202 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Marine EcosystemsII. Oceanography and HypoxiaOutline of Current Lecture I. Antarctic HistoryII. Antarctic PoliticsIII. ManagementCurrent LectureI. Antarctic HistoryThere is a continent of bedrock below the iceAntarctica is seen as having three separate ice sheetsEast Ice Sheet: largest in the worldWest Ice Sheet: disintegratingPeninsula Ice Sheet: warmest areaThere is a transatlantic mountain range across the continentIce sheet gets up to 12,000-13,000 feet thickHistory1773: James Hook is the first to visit the Arctic Circle and circumnavigate Antarctica1830s: Magnetic Crusade – scientists visit to explore the Magnetic Pole1800s: seal exploitationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1911-1921: “Heroic Age” – Many European nations send explorers, mostly geographical voyages, not scientificThere are 7 territorial claims, starting in the early 1900sBritain makes first claim for whaling, wants whole continentFrance makes an early claim to prevent Britain from taking it allNorway makes claim for whalingAustralia and New Zealand make claims as a part of the British plan for the whole thingChile and Argentina make claims to stop BritainNo other countries recognize these claimsII. Antarctic PoliticsInternational Legal Instruments1959: Antarctic Treaty – suggests that all nations should coexist for science1972: Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)1980: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)1988: Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource ActivitiesThis was rejected, agreement that it should not be mined or drilled for oil1991: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic TreatyWho is involved?There are 51 signatures on the Antarctic TreatyScientists: SCAR, individuals and research institutes International governmental organizations: UN and othersNGOs: ASOC, Greenpeace, othersCountries involved the most with Antarctica are USA, the UK, Australia, Chile, and New ZealandWestern nations, primarily English-speaking, are the most involved with researchUSA is producing the most researchIII. ManagementResource ManagementFisheries are the most exploitativeKrill and toothfish are being overfished and leaving significant impactsProblems with this:Catastrophes at seasIllegal, unprotected, and unregulated fishingBesetment and other Antarctic featuresMarine Protected Areas: no-fish zones, conserved for researchTourist industries: 37,000 ship-borne tourists in 2013-2014 summerBioprospectingPotential mineral exploitationEnvironmental Protection and ManagementProtected areas are mostly non-ice areasThey are protected for environmental, scientific, historic, aesthetic, and wilderness valuesHuman footprint: increasing numbers of science-based and tourist areasMost active in the Committee for Environmental Protection: USA, UK, Chile, Australia, NZClimate ChangeTemperature increase has affected Antarctica a lotMelting: ice sheet is melting, but not in the ways predictedThe sea ice extent is greater than previously recordedSea ice is possibly thinner, due to windThere could be increased discharge from the continentData is unclear about how thick or thin the sea ice isThere has been a loss in the overall ice massIce coring has shown millions of years of climate