ENVS 202 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Residence TimeII. Ecosystem HealthIII. Ecosystem ServicesOutline of Current Lecture I. Intro to Agriculture and AquacultureII. AgricultureIII. SoilsIV. AquacultureCurrent LectureI. Intro to Agriculture and AquacultureSalmon in the PNWCulturally: closely tied to ways of life, food, identity, and cultureEcologically: indicator species, corpses provide nitrogen and phosphorus to the ecosystemPre-European settlement food growing and gathering: camas bulbs, tarweed weeds, cattail rhizomes, acorns, lamprey, deer, ducks, waterfowlAgriculture today: corn, wheat, potatoes, onions, beans, berries, pears, hay, grapes, grass seed, nursery plants, Christmas treesAgriculture FisheriesPurpose Food, structures, or landscapingFoodThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Native or non-native Both (more non-native) Both (more native)Inputs necessary Fertilizer, site preparation, cultivation, harvestSearching and capturingII. AgricultureWhat plants provide humans with most of our caloric intake?3.000 of 500,000 known plants are used in agriculture150 of 3,000 agriculture plants are cultivated on a large scale17 of 150 large-scale plants are our primary foodsThese 17 plants are wheat, corn, rice, barley, soybeans, sugar cane, sorghum, potatoes, oats,cassava, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, rye, millet, beans, coconut, and bananasMost of our food is grass seed plantsPlants need CO2, energy from the sun, and water to growPlants are made of sugars, cellulose, proteins, fats/oils, and waxesChemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorusHow are plant nutrients used?Skeleton of organic molecules (C, O, H), constituents of proteins/nucleic acids (N, P, S), osmotic regulation, membranesPlants get their nutrients mainly from soilsIII. SoilsSoils are layered (horizons)Mineral components of soil come from the weathered bedrockOrganic components of soil comes from living things in and on the soilThese interact as water leaches nutrients and organic matter down to the bedrockOrganic matter (like worms) increases the soils surface area through pores and adds nitrogen and phosphorusWhat threatens agricultural soils?Acid rain, soil erosion, loss of nutrients, subsidence, salinizationWhat causes soil erosion?Wind and water facilitated by tillingSometimes the effects of erosion are apparent, but usually they are notHow can we prevent soil erosion?Planting trees (reduces wind, roots hold soil intact), minimize tilling, crop strips or barriersIV. AquacultureAquaculture is the farming of aquatic organismsDisadvantages to aquaculture: limits biodiversity, can be resource intensive, ecological consequence of obtaining food for fish, intentional fattening, prosthetic coloringAdvantages to aquaculture: shorten chain, more controlConcerns on capture fisheries: expensive, difficult, by-catch is wasteful, depleted stocks of manyfishAquaculture is increasing six times as fast amongst developing nationsFish are efficient in concerting food to body tissue: fish are neutrally buoyant and