GOLGI APPARATUSWorks in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of cells.LYSOSOMESMembrane – bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cellsEnzymes in a lysosome can break down large molecules such as..ProteinsPolysaccharidesFatsNucleic AcidsLysosomes are absent in most plant cellsSeveral types of digestive functionsMany engulf nutrients in tiny cytoplasmic sacs called food vacuolesVacuoles fuse with lysosomes, exposing food to digestive enzymesSmall molecules from digestion leave the lysosome and nourish the cell.PEROXISOMESBounded by single layer membraneEnzymes forBreaking down fatty acidsDetoxification of substances (drugs, alcohol)Abundance in liverDrug trial – Liver used to gauge toxicityIf drug is bad – scarring of the liverVACUOLESCentral Vacuoles of the Cell (Plant Cells Only)Store organic nutrients (food) wasteAbsorb waterMay contain pigments or poisonsTHC, Cyanide (Walnuts)Vacuoles in animals are relatively smallENERGY CONVERSIONCells require a continuous energy supply to perform the work of lifeTwo organelles act like the cell power stationChloroplastMitochondriaMITROCHONDRIAOrganelles of cellular respiration are found in almost all eukaryotic cells and produceATP from energy from food molecules.Mitochondria and chloroplast contain their own DNA, which encodes some of theirProteins.Endosymbiont Theory:Mitochondria and chloroplast were once free prokaryotes that became incorporated into eukaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationshipMitochondria inheritance only comes from the mother.CHLOROPLASTChloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis.Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algaeCYTOSKELETONContains several types of fibers made from different proteinsFunctionsMechanical SupportShapeMovementMicrotubules are straight and hollow tubes that guide the movement of organelles and chromosomesIntermediate filaments and microfilaments are thinner and solidBIO 112 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Microscopy a. Light Microscope b. Transmission Electron Microscope c. Scanning Electron Microscope II. Two Major Categories of Cells a. Prokaryotic Cells b. Eukaryotic Cells III. Plasma Membrane a. Fluid Mosaic IV. Nucleus a. Nuclear Envelope b. Pores c. Nucleolusd. Chromatin e. Nucleosome V. RibosomesVI. How DNA Direct Protein Production VII. Rough ER VIII. Smooth ER Outline of Current Lecture II. Golgi Apparatus III. Lysosomes a. Structure b. Function IV. Peroxisomes V. Vacuoles VI. Energy conversion VII. Mitochondria VIII. Chloroplast IX. Cytoskeleton a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments and microfilaments These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture GOLGI APPARATUS  Works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of cells. LYSOSOMES Membrane – bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells Enzymes in a lysosome can break down large molecules such as.. Proteins Polysaccharides Fats Nucleic Acids Lysosomes are absent in most plant cells Several types of digestive functions Many engulf nutrients in tiny cytoplasmic sacs called food vacuoles Vacuoles fuse with lysosomes, exposing food to digestive enzymesSmall molecules from digestion leave the lysosome and nourish the cell. PEROXISOMES Bounded by single layer membrane Enzymes for Breaking down fatty acids Detoxification of substances (drugs, alcohol)Abundance in liver Drug trial – Liver used to gauge toxicity If drug is bad – scarring of the liver VACUOLES  Central Vacuoles of the Cell (Plant Cells Only) Store organic nutrients (food) waste Absorb water May contain pigments or poisons THC, Cyanide (Walnuts)Vacuoles in animals are relatively small  ENERGY CONVERSION Cells require a continuous energy supply to perform the work of life Two organelles act like the cell power station ChloroplastMitochondriao MITROCHONDRIA Organelles of cellular respiration are found in almost all eukaryotic cells and produce ATP from energy from food molecules. Mitochondria and chloroplast contain their own DNA, which encodes some of their Proteins.Endosymbiont Theory:Mitochondria and chloroplast were once free prokaryotes that became incorporated into eukaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship Mitochondria inheritance only comes from the mother.CHLOROPLASTChloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae  CYTOSKELETON - Contains several types of fibers made from different proteins - Functions o Mechanical Support o Shape o Movement - Microtubules are straight and hollow tubes that guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes - Intermediate filaments and microfilaments are thinner and