Current LectureTHERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULESCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic AcidsCHEMISTRY OF LIFEPolymers are made from many monomers through condensationDehydration reaction = building of larger moleculesOne molecule of water removed when monomer is added onto a polymerCARBOHYDRATESInclude simple sugars (glucose, fructose) and polymers of sugars (glycogen), starch (storage in animals), cellulose (plants)In animals, carbs are a primary source of:Dietary energy – cellular respiration = 32 ATP’sStorage energy – animals – glycogen – glucoseIn plants carbs serve as:Building materialSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCarbon 1 and 4(Pointing down=Alpha – Starch) (Pointing up=Beta – Cellulose)FATSPerform essential functions in the human body:Energy storageCushioningInsulationHormones – SteroidsSTRUCTUREWhen the “tail” of the molecule can bend it is unsaturatedTypical triglyceride consists of:A glycerol molecule (Hydrophilic head)Joined with three fatty acid molecules (hydrophobic tail) via the dehydration reactionTYPES OF FATSSaturated: Stiff unhealthy (animal fat etc.)If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogen it is saturatedUnsaturated: Liquid, Healthier (olive oil etc.)If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen molecules, it is unsaturatedTrans FatHydrogenationAdds hydrogen and converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats. It makes liquid fats solid at room temperature, and creates trans fat, a type of saturated fat that is particularly bad for your health. Unsaturated fat with more hydrogen molecules to give it a smooth texture (Margarine, donuts etc.)Fat as hormones/steroidsSteroids are very different from fats in structure and function.The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings. Steroids vary in the functional groups attached to this set of rings, and these chemical variations affect their function.Synthetic anabolic steroidsAre variants of testosterone and mimic some of its effects. They can cause serious physical and mental problemsMay be prescribed for some cancersCurrent LectureTHERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULESCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic AcidsCHEMISTRY OF LIFEPolymers are made from many monomers through condensationDehydration reaction = building of larger moleculesOne molecule of water removed when monomer is added onto a polymerCARBOHYDRATESInclude simple sugars (glucose, fructose) and polymers of sugars (glycogen), starch (storage in animals), cellulose (plants)In animals, carbs are a primary source of:Dietary energy – cellular respiration = 32 ATP’sStorage energy – animals – glycogen – glucoseIn plants carbs serve as:Building materialSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCarbon 1 and 4(Pointing down=Alpha – Starch) (Pointing up=Beta – Cellulose)FATSPerform essential functions in the human body:Energy storageCushioningInsulationHormones – SteroidsSTRUCTUREWhen the “tail” of the molecule can bend it is unsaturatedTypical triglyceride consists of:A glycerol molecule (Hydrophilic head)Joined with three fatty acid molecules (hydrophobic tail) via the dehydration reactionTYPES OF FATSSaturated: Stiff unhealthy (animal fat etc.)If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogen it is saturatedUnsaturated: Liquid, Healthier (olive oil etc.)If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen molecules, it is unsaturatedTrans FatHydrogenationAdds hydrogen and converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats. It makes liquid fats solid at room temperature, and creates trans fat, a type of saturated fat that is particularly bad for your health. Unsaturated fat with more hydrogen molecules to give it a smooth texture (Margarine, donuts etc.)Fat as hormones/steroidsSteroids are very different from fats in structure and function.The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings. Steroids vary in the functional groups attached to this set of rings, and these chemical variations affect their function.Synthetic anabolic steroidsAre variants of testosterone and mimic some of its effects. They can cause serious physical and mental problemsMay be prescribed for some cancersBIOl-L 112 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current Lecture II. Four types of macromolecules a. Chart on function and components b. Chemistry of life III. Carbohydrates a. Functions in plants and animals b. Structure and function imagec. Types of Carbohydrates IV. Fats a. Functions b. Structure c. Types of Fats These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic Acids CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Polymers are made from many monomers through condensation Dehydration reaction = building of larger molecules One molecule of water removed when monomer is added onto a polymerCARBOHYDRATES Include simple sugars (glucose, fructose) and polymers of sugars (glycogen), starch (storage in animals), cellulose (plants) In animals, carbs are a primary source of: Dietary energy – cellular respiration = 32 ATP’s Storage energy – animals – glycogen – glucose In plants carbs serve as: Building material Storage energyTYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides are the monomers and the main fuels for cellular work During cellular respiration: Glucose + Oxygen = ATP + CO2 + Water Disaccharides are double sugars formed by a dehydration reaction. They are monomers joined by a glycosidic bond. Example: Lactose in milk, maltose in beer, malted milkshakes and sucrose in table sugar.Polysaccharides Animals: Storage – Glycogen is made up of glucose molecules in C1-4 (linear) and C1-6 (Branch) arrangements. Storage in liver and muscles. Complex carbohydrates are like “time release packets of energy.Plants: Storage energy – Starch is made of Amylose (linear C1-4 arrangements coiled in an alphahelix) and Amylopectin (branched, C1-6) Strength – Cellulose is made of a linear C1- 4 (Alpha) and C1-4 (Beta) arrangement. Cellulose is indigestible in humans and is known as “fiber” or “roughage”.STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Carbon 1 and 4 (Pointing down=Alpha – Starch) (Pointing up=Beta – Cellulose)  FATS Perform essential functions in the human body: Energy storage Cushioning Insulation Hormones – Steroids STRUCTURE When the “tail” of the molecule can bend it