BULK TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OCCURS BY EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSISSmall molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteinsLarge molecules such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via vesicleBulk transport requires energyExocytosisTransport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell.Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their productsEndocytosisCell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membraneEndocytosis us a reversal of exocytosis involving different proteinsThree types of endocytosisPhagocytosis (Cellular eating)Pinocytosis (Cellular drinking)Receptor-mediated endocytosisEnergy – The capacity to bring about change or to do workOne important characteristic of living things is that they use energyThe amount of energy in the universe remains the same over time. But energy can change in form constantlyIt is the flow of energy from the sun to and through almost every organism on earth that scientists seek to understandThermodynamics is the study of energy relationships and exchangesFirst Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one kind to anotherSecond Law of ThermodynamicsOne usable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable formThat is, in every energy transaction, useful energy decreases and some energy escapes in the form of useless heat.Energy conversion to do workLight (solar) energy from the sunPhotosynthesisChemical energy stored in carbohydrates (plants) + heat (lost)Aerobic respirationChemical energy ATP stored in mitochondria (muscles and liver)Heat (lost) + Kinetic energyCellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food EnergyCellular respiration and breathing are closely relatedCellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundingsCell takes in oxygen gasCell releases waste carbon dioxide gasBreathing exchanges these same gases between the blood and outside airRedox ReactionOxidation = The loss of electrons during a redox reactionReduction = The acceptance of electrons during redox reductionDuring cellular respirationGlucose is oxidized andOxygen is reducedBIO 112 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture II. Membrane – Lipids III. Membrane Proteins and their functions a. Peripheral Proteins b. Integral Proteins c. Transmembrane Proteins IV. How does HIV recognize and infect?V. Transport Proteins a. Channel Proteins b. Carrier Proteins c. Ion Channel d. Electron Pump VI. Active Transport Outline of Current Lecture I. Bulk Transport a. Exocytosis b. Endocytosis i. Three types of Endocytosis II. Cellular Respiration a. Energy b. Thermodynamics c. Energy conversion d. Aerobic harvest of food energy e. Redox Reaction These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture BULK TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OCCURS BY EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS - Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins - Large molecules such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via vesicle- Bulk transport requires energy  Exocytosis - Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell. - Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their products  Endocytosis - Cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane - Endocytosis us a reversal of exocytosis involving different proteins - Three types of endocytosis o Phagocytosis (Cellular eating) o Pinocytosis (Cellular drinking) o Receptor-mediated endocytosis oCELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy – The capacity to bring about change or to do work - One important characteristic of living things is that they use energy - The amount of energy in the universe remains the same over time. But energy can change in form constantly - It is the flow of energy from the sun to and through almost every organism on earth that scientists seek to understand  Thermodynamics is the study of energy relationships and exchanges - First Law of Thermodynamics o Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one kind to another - Second Law of Thermodynamics o One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form o That is, in every energy transaction, useful energy decreases and some energy escapes in the form of useless heat.  Energy conversion to do work - Light (solar) energy from the sun o Photosynthesis - Chemical energy stored in carbohydrates (plants) + heat (lost) o Aerobic respiration - Chemical energy ATP stored in mitochondria (muscles and liver) o Heat (lost) + Kinetic energy - Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy - Cellular respiration and breathing are closely related o Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings  Cell takes in oxygen gas  Cell releases waste carbon dioxide gaso Breathing exchanges these same gases between the blood and outside air - Redox Reaction - Oxidation = The loss of electrons during a redox reaction - Reduction = The acceptance of electrons during redox reduction - During cellular respiration o Glucose is oxidized and o Oxygen is