I. The Kingdoms of EgyptI. Pre-Dynastic EgyptII. Early Dynastic EgyptIII. The Old KingdomIV. The Middle KingdomV. The New KingdomHIST 101 1nd EditionLecture 3Outline of LectureI. The Kingdoms of Egypt- Pre-Dynastic Egypt- Early Dynastic Egypt - The Old Kingdom- The Middle Kingdom- The New KingdomGood/bad of contact. Lecture NotesI. Pre-Dynastic Egypt- Northeast corner of Africa, centered around the Nile River- 5000 BC-3150 BC- The Nile Rivero Yearly, regular floodo Mud, rich soil – bricks for building, fertile soil for plantingo A “vertical” and narrow country – hugs Nileo Political and cultural unification- Upper (south) and Lower (north) Egypt – Nile flows upside-downo Two lands and two crowns  One Kingdom- The legend of “Dynasty 0”, c.3100 BCo The Scorpion Kingo Narmer – successor to Scorpion King Dominated the lower Egypt II. Early Dynastic Egypt- 3150 BC-2770 BC- Dynasties 1 and 2- The unification of Egypto Through writing Hieroglyphics (“sacred writing”) - Rosetta Stone – much later than this time, key to deciphering hieroglyphicso Discovered by Napoleon Papyrus – Nile plant that is dried and prepared Stela = tomb marker, monument o Through the person of the King – representation of Egypto Through religion The goddess Ma’at – truth, law, justice Isis, Osiris (Lord of the dead), Horus (flacon), Seth- Resurrection – the gods even went through this cycle o Osiris was murdered and spread everywhere (chopped to bits), because of justice, he and his wife were resurrected –son Horus The cycle of Life and Death – like flooding/receding of Nile River- Death cult – everyone is judged “what did you do?” and “how did you live?”- Mummification – body had to be prepared for life in afterlife- The Book of the Dead – what spells do you need, what is the journey like- Ka = one’s existence in the afterlife- The House of Judgment – weighed on the scales of life (weighing of the ka) The King (Pharaoh) as god; divinity as unifierIII. The Old Kingdom- 2770 BC-2200 BC- Third and Fourth Dynastieso Memphiso And ideology if kingship Centralization, bureaucracy, hierarchy (in Life and Death) Per-aa = “great house”o The age of pyramids  Zoser, r., c. 2680-2625 BC- Vizier- Imhotep and the Step Pyramid, c. 2680 BCo Mastabao Stacked square temples to create pyramid shape Khufu (Cheops), r., c. 2600-2575 BC- Great Pyramid of Giza Khufu’s son Khafre (Chephran) was represented as the sphinx – head of a Pharaoh with body of a lion - Decline of Old Kingdomo Weakening of centralized kingship  Priest of Ra in Heliopoliso Increasing power of bureaucrats  Nomes = regional districts, providences Nomarchs = provincial governors, appointed by kingo Economic troubles and famineso First Intermediate Period c. 2200-2050 BC – Egypt was once again scattered  Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt Thebes in Upper Egypt IV. The Middle Kingdom- 2050- 1786 BC- Mentuhotep II, r., c. 2050-1995 BCo Thebes – ruled there, then decided to conquer o Need to know neighbors better, trade more, be more aggressive- No more insularityo Increased tradeo Military succession in Nubiao Fear and pessimism – not thinking too highly of selves- The changed role of the King – becomes more of a “father” weighed down by cares for people/kingdomV. The New Kingdom- Second Intermediate Period, 1786-1560 BCo Hyksos – invaded from eastern Arabic lands (Mesopotamia) and conquered Egypt- The New Kingdom, 1560-1087 BCo Ahmose I, r. 1552-1527 BC From Thebeso “imperialism” – kick out Hyksos, being more aggressive, taking new lands, going to create and Empire Reach all the way up to the Hittites in modern-day Turkeyo Hatshepsut (r. 1490 – 1468 BC) a woman pharaoh *Extremely Strange* Depicted as wearing Pharaoh’s traditional beardo Akenaton, r. c. 1364-1347 BC Aton – Egypt changed to monotheism God of the Sun Disk, glorious creator Royal family worshiping one god Egyptians did not like ito Tutankamen (King Tut) r. 1347-1337 BC – reverted Egypt back to polytheism  Tomb discover in 1920’s, curse on all of Carter’s teamo Ramesses II, r. 1279-1213 BC – massive statue at Karnack Temple w/ daughter Bintannath Hittites “What to do with Hebrew