9/12/13Economic Systems (Chapter 3)1. What all economic systemsa. Ways of Allocating Labor (Division of Labor)*** Property Relationsi. occupational specialization based on gender and ageii. e.g temperate foragers have minimal gender-based division of laborb. Knowledge on Landscape (resources) and Technologyc. Rules on Access to Means of Productiond. Rules on How What is Produced Should be Distributede. Rules on How What is Produced Ought to be Consumed/Usedi. emission lawsii. how cultures prepare food (different uses of different animals)iii. different ways of eating (hands vs utensils)f. Never Isolated from other Domains of Culturei. economic systems cant be divorced from other domains of culture; rather inter-twined with other culturesii. forging economic systems iii. egalitarian relationships are not a coincidenceg. point to common understandings to allow people to live together in a society2. Major Modes of Livelihooda. the dominant way of making a livingi. Foraging (hunting-gathering)1. based on resources that are available in nature through gathering, fishing, or hunting2. rely on many tools (shovels, bow n arrows, spears, nets, baskets...)3. it is an extensive strategy requiring access to large areas of landii. Horticulture1. a based on cultivating domesticated plants in gardens using hand tools2. practiced most in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, South America...iii. Pastoralism1. based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products, such asmeat of milk2. is an extensive strategy3. problem: the continued need for fresh pasture and water for their animalsiv.Agriculture1. involves growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plowing, irriga-tion, and fertilizer (farming)9/12/132. intensive strategy involving the use of techniques that allow the same plot of land to be used repeatedly without losing its fertility3. family farming vs industrial agriculturev. Industrialism/Informatics1. goods and services are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation, manipulation, man-agement, and transfer of information through electronic media2. manufacturing jobs declining, service occupations and information process-ing jobs inclining3. Focus of Economic Anthropologya. The cross-cultural production, distribution, and consumption of goods and the val-ues (attitudes, beliefs, etc.) that underpin these4. Studying Economic Systems Cross-Culturallya. Formalist-Substantivist Debatei. Formalist1. idea where concepts and categories are used in studying for understandingradically diff concepts (non-western capitalist)a. economic concepts/categories relevanti. law of supply and demandii. inflationiii. scarcity vs surplusiv.profitv. investmentvi. rationalityvii.debtviii. unemploymentii. do these concepts make sense in other non-capitalist societies??? Formaliststhink they do...iii. we will not be able to generalizeiv.human nature that can hold through time and space1. in times of scarcity, humans will be prone to conflict from sharing with oth-ers2. scarcity can be usefulv. Substantivists1. argue you cant use a concept free of its historical context2. argue that those concepts mentioned were key ideas that emerged and carry baggage rooted in western communities- Don’t Make Sense9/12/133. mistake to use concepts because they were originally used for certain kinds of societies and economic systems4. to use such concepts would be a display ethnocentric understandingsof others = BAD5. focus attention how and why societies were preferred not to take part in the market6. think differently on why members of some societies would avoid the marketb. What Does a Cultural Approach to Economics Entail?i. many economists rely on abstract language, abstract models of economic be-haviorii. globalizationiii. outsourcing - lives torn down, loss of jobs (cultural anth focus upon)iv.wages falling behind inflationv. arrival of new guilded agevi. avoid of statistics and mathematical