11/19/13Why Dont People Stay Put? (Chapter 12)1. Thinking About Tourisma. Issue/theme of migrationb. Different kins of migration, who and how they migratec. How they change as a person once they do migrated. Tourism: type of migration that need; catalyst of social/cultural changee. Types of Migrationi. Internal - movement within the country1. Migrate to urban cities for work2. Push-pull theorya. rural areas are pushed from unable to support population growth and rising expectations about the quality of lifeb. City pulls people in by promising a higher quality of life consisting of de-cisions, working/living opportunities, URBANIZATIONii. International - movement across country boundariesiii. Transnational - movement back and forth between two or more countries and form a new cultural identity1. “Astronauts” - migrants who are businessmen who spend time flying amongdifferent cities as bankers, executives...2. Remittances - transfers of money or goods from a migrant to his family back home (largest amount in India)f. Reasons for Movingi. Circular migrationii. Displaced persons: refugees; internally displaced personsiii. Bracero: an agricultural laborer in Latin America and Caribbean working for a limited timeiv. IDP (Internally Displaced Persons): people forced to leave their homes and communities but remain within the country (largest in Africa)v. Development-induced Displacement: forced migration due to development projects (Megadams cause villages to be wiped out for it to be built)vi.Institutional Migrants: people who move into a social institution from their com-munities (monks,prisoners, college students...)1. determined by the welfare of economyvii. Chain Migration - form of population movement in which a first wave of mi-grants comes and then attracts relatives and friends11/19/131. established immigrant community ex. (ethnic minorities Cuban Americans in Florida)viii. Wage Labor Migration: maintain connections through remittances, moves to be able to do labor but cannot permanently stay thereix.Indentured Servitude (Problematic way of Migration)1. Haceros: how to view these people who choose out of their own free willa. Aren’t allowed to leave till they complete their job (bound by the signed contract)b. knows what they are getting into, don’t have much choice, exploited, have rights violations, forced to work, but not quite slaveryc. had lone-sharks that sponsored the servants to a life they are trying o reach since they can’t afford it, after their work is completex. Military1. group of workers sent overseas to do a job, not allowed to stay where they are deployed and expected to come back home2. Why Tourisma. Relevant to the movement of people/issues related to anthrob. World-Wide Global Impacti. Economic impact of 1/3 of total world tradeii. There are no societies that have not been impacted by touristsc. Often involves encounters with cultural “others”i. “Cultural contact”ii. Movement of people always encountering (personal) and societal issues in which are the core of anthropologyiii. Catalyst of social/cultural change so no reason why it shouldn’t be the focus3. Anthropology of Tourism as Institutionalizeda. Has become a legitimate foci of study due to...i. Publication of books4. Impact of Tourism: The Good, Bad, and Uglya. Tourism is often destructive (non-western societies) of local lifestyles and cultures versus the positive viewi. Loss of livelihood - abandon livelihoods, and stop agriculture to fall into labor-ers in tourists attractionsii. Loss of autonomy - able to sustain themselvesiii. Emergence of inequality and conflicts “breeding ground of this” - grows econ-omy inequality11/19/13iv. Degradation of the environment - spurs development of pollution and degrada-tion leading to welfare of peoplev. Loss of “traditional” culture - shedding aside their language to meet tourists half-way to show modern ways, and aside their ceremoniesb. Rethinking Negative Impacts of Tourismi. Second group recognize the things above but not sure that tourism brings up these issues; it lies elsewhere1. Casualty - if tourism responsible for issues mentioned above2. Indiscriminate generalizing About Tourism and Touristsa. Some might say loss of tradition was threatened before tourismb. Economy was already on its way before tourismc. Tourism isn’t responsibled. Leads anthropology to rethink the categories of tourism and tourists dueto generalizationi. 1st camp: generalized vs 2nd camp: not generalizedii. If not generalized, it allows us to think more clearly; not as narrow mindediii. Example: eco-tourism - second camp interested in those that are in-terested in traditional/authenticc. The Goodi. Tourism revives the “old” values/traditionsii. It reinforce ethnic/cultural identityiii. It has power to transform identityiv. All these are under tourism’s potential5. Kuna: symbol of Panamanian national peoplea. Didn’t identify as weavers (Mula) before because of tourists demandsb. Who they are are entailed in Mulas and have taken a national scopec. Cultural change by certain kinds of tourists6. New Immigrantsa. Chain Migrationb. Dominicans have the highest poverty rate in NYCc. Salvadorans attracted to Long Island by its informal economyd. Women can find jobs more easily than men since they have domestic worke. Hong Kong immigrants have a secure economic status and high level of educationf. Canada - “Kan Lan Tai” - means difficult to prosper7. Migration Policiesa. Labor flow affecting policy11/19/13b. Lifeboat mentality - a view that seeks to limit enlarging a group because of per-ceived constraints on resourcesc. RIght of Return - refugee entitlement to return/live in homeland8. Zero-Subgaineda. others in community are a threat to their own prosperity if the other has more than