10/3/13Reproducing Society1. To Have or Not Have Childrena. Culturali. values of beliefs and value of childrenii. cultures socialize children regarding when to start sexual intercourse1. most culture rules says sexual activity should start after marriagea. i.e Indian culture of Hindu religion teaching the value of sexual absti-nenceiii. high fertility doesn’t mean people just want to have sex (look at India with high fertility rate)b. Social/Politicali. Social1. relationships which ideas flow through2. never individual decisions to have or not have children although they may seem3. fertility control by induced abortiona. hit abdomen, starvation, drugs, jumping off high places, lifting heavy ob-jects, povertyii. Political1. involve policies and expectations that are not shared by those on the bot-tom of social class2. ex: abortion, infanticide, planned parenthood, adoption by gay couplesc. Economic/Ecologicali. Economic1. how many to have and be able to financially support them2. when children’s labor value or old-age support is high, fertility rates are higher3. when infant and child morality rate is high, fertility rates are higher to re-place offspring who die4. higher costs reduces the desire for childrenii. Ecological1.2. Anthropological Demographya. What Anthropologists Ask Themselvesi. Why sex of offspring matters to a couple?ii. How many children should a couple have?10/3/13iii. What is the focus on fertility?3. Seeking Patterns “Modes of Reproduction”a. an assemblage or system of cultural, social,/political, and economic/ecological conditions that underpin or sustain fertility patternsb. change in population through effect of fertility and mortalityc. connection between “modes of livelihood” and “modes of reproduction”i. foraging mode of reproduction1. birth intervals are long due to breast feeding and women’s low level of bodyfat2. from Ju/‘hoansi study - higher birth rate from farmer and laborers from bet-ter diet and healthii. agricultural mode of reproduction1. has highest birth rates in low-income countries of Africa2. Pronatalism: an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing3. a large family, with many sons, is a sign of wealth and success, not poverty and failureiii. Industrial/Informatic Mode of Reproduction1. replacement-level fertility: the # of births = # of deaths --> maintenance of pop size of below-replacement-level fertility2. parents have less children, invest in them, send them to school instead of work3. Demographic transition: agricultural pattern (transitional) of high fertility andhigh mortality rate becomes an industrial pattern of low fertility and low mortality4. Featuresa. Stratified Reproduction: mid/upper class have few children with high survival rate while the poor have both high fertility and mortality ratei. i.e Brazilb. Population Aging: when the proportion of older people increase relative to younger peoplei. i.e Japan - low fertilityc. Technology of Pregnancy: high level of science medically related for all aspects of pregnancy4. Examples of Anthropological Demographya. Fertility and the Body (“The Jamaican Body”)i. Health body --> “equalized” --> neither too “hot” nor too “cold”ii. How does a body become too “hot or “cold” (unhealthy)10/3/131. through work (physical activity) and sexual intercourse:a. body temp indicated by strenuous activityiii. lot of work ---> too coldiv. too little work --> too hotv. lot of sex --> body too coldvi.too little sex --> body too hotb. Egypt and Gender(Inborn: “Infertility and Patriarchy)i. Demography, Family Planning, and Population Concerns1. high birth rate, family planning research studies,and large growing pop were natural resources are scarce2. politics/geopolitics- unstable3. deeply intrenched with cultural ideas regarding having offspring4. birth rate is not falling??? due to strong family planningii. Failure of Family Planning: Overlooking Women and Gender1. working class women who make up to majority of the popiii. Resistance of Family Planning1. “Value” of children for womena. enhances identity and status as womenb. No “real” family without children2. “Value” of children for mena. tied to notions of virility and masculinityiv. China’s One Child Policy and the Statec. Jamaicans didn’t exert themselves as much as the Britishi. Jamaican fertility rate is high but not as high as it could be5. Socialization During Childhooda. The Six Cultures Study: research project that provides comparative data on how children’s activities and tasks shape their personalitiesi. Nurturant-responsible personality: caring and sharing acts toward other chil-dren (i.e Kenya)ii. Dependent-dominant personality: fewer acts of caregiving, more dominance over children and more need for parental care (i.e Orchard Town)iii. Narcissistic personality: dep-dom personality at an extreme; consistently seek-ing attention with no concern about anyone else6. Adolescence and Pubertya. Xanith: man who becomes a woman wearing female clothes and has sex with other men, then changes back into male role of getting married with children10/3/13b. Berdache: among American Indians, is a male who wears female clothes, has sexwith men or women, and does female tasks (hijra are counterparts)c. Amazon: same as berdache but with a