I. Introduction: GenderII. Distinguishing Sex and Gender- Sex as a biological concepti. Sex: a biological concept determined on the basis of primary sex characteristics- Biological/anatomical differences distinguishing male and femalesii. Primary sex characteristics: the physiological traits essential to reproductioniii. Secondary sex characteristics: physical traits not essential to reproduction (breast development, voice, hair distribution, musculoskeletal form) that result from so-called male (androgen) and female (estrogen) hormonesiv. Intersexed: a broad term used by the medical profession to classify people with some mixture of male and female biological characteristics; formerly known as hermaphrodites.v. Transsexuals: one whose gender identity is opposite his/her biological sex1. Tens of thousands of people have had sex change operations.vi. Transgendered: one whose appearance and/or behaviors do not conform totraditional gender roles.- Gender as a social constructi. Gender: a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for males or females- Not the physical attributed of men and women, but to the socially formed traits of masculinity and feminity.ii. Socialization - Gender socialization -the learning of gender roles through social factors-school, media, familyhttp://abcnews.go.com/Health/genderless-baby-controversy-mom-defends-choice-reveal-sex/story?id=13718047 iii. Gender identity: one’s self-image as being either female or maleiv. Gender role: the behavior associated with one’s gender identityv. Androgyny: the blending of female and male characteristicsvi. Significance of gender- gender is so pervasive in structuring social life, gender status must be clearly differentiated if society is to function in an orderly manner.vii. Gender varies across cultures- thus it is socially constructed- Gender Identity in Everyday Life- gender is a part of the institutions of society; economy, politics, religions, educational system, family etc...- Cross-cultural comparisonsIII. Forms of Gender Inequality- Women and Worki. Feminization of povertyii. Displaced homemakers- Human capital theory- individuals make investments in their own “human capital” in order to increase success- Sex segregation- concentration of men and women in different occupations- Pay differentials- Comparable worth- policies that attempt to remedy gender pay gap by adjusting pay so that men and women are not penalized for working in female-dominated occupations- The “glass ceiling”- promotion barrier that prevents a woman’s upward mobility within an organization- The “glass escalator”- reflects men’s rapid ascent up the hierarchy when they work in female-dominated occupations- Sexual harassment- unwanted/repeated sexual advances, remarks, or behaviorthat are offensive to the recipient and causes discomfort/interferes with job performanceIV. Family and Gender- Balancing work and child care- HouseworkV. Education- Differential treatment of boys/girls perpetuated stereotypic gender-role behavior- Content of teacher-student interactions differ depending on student’s sex- Primary and Secondary Schooling- Females trained to be quiet/well-behaved vs. Males trained to be outspoken problem solvers- Male/female uniforms, child stories- Title IX (1974-1975)- University education- Males interact more with teachers than females, receive more attention/instructional time.- Politics- the further away from home the political office, the more likely it is to be regarded as “man’s work”- because it provides a living wage, full-time, lifetime career- Violence against Women-- found in many societies/political weapon/sensationalized by media- Physical and sexual abuse, mutilation, murder, forced prostitution, stalking, rape, sexual harassment- Rape culture- male domination fosters a state of continual fear in womenVI. Gender Inequality in Global Perspective- Economic inequality- women work a domestic“second shift”, the“second sex”- Political inequality- women are more likely to hold seats in national legislaturesin countries in which women’s rights are a strong cultural value.VII. Analyzing Inequality- Functionalist approaches- Argues that gender differences and gender specializations in specific taskscontributes to social stability and integration- heavily criticized for neglecting social tensions at the expense of consensus- Feminist approaches/theory- all share the desire to explain gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them- Liberal feminism- feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources- see solution through changes in legislationi. Radical feminism- believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social, familial and economic life- must overthrow the patriarchal orderii. Black feminism- concentrates on the problems of black women- race andgender discriminatoniii. Postmodern feminism- challenges the idea that all women share a single basis of identity and experience. No “grand theory” “universal category” to explain women’s position in society. Accepts many standpoints as equally valid.VIII. Summary and Conclusions/ Why gender inequality matters- increased women’s representation would help shift a country’s policies to real-life concerns- social/economic imperative: - when women are educated and empowered=stronger more productive economies- when women are represented=more peaceful and stable