Cities of South AsiaSouth AsiaKey Urban FactsKey ThemesSlide 5Historical PeriodsIndus Valley EraAryan Hindu ImpactDravidian ImpactMuslim ImpactColonial PeriodColonial-Based CityBazaar-Based CityColonial Period (Continued)Modern PeriodSlide 16Slide 17Representative CitiesDelhiDelhi (Continued)Slide 21Kolkata (Calcutta)Slide 23Chennai (Madras)Slide 25Mumbai (Bombay)MumbaiPowerPoint PresentationKarachi (Continued)DhakaSlide 31Cities of South AsiaGrowth and Change in Urban SocietiesMumbai, India http://www.ilovepossibility.info/images/mumbai/mumbai.jpgSouth AsiaKey Urban Facts•Total Population 1.64 Billion•Percent Urban Population 29.9% •Total Urban Population 492 Million•Most Urbanized Country Pakistan (35.9%)•Least Urbanized Country Sri Lanka (14.3%)• # of Cities over 1 Million 61•# of Megacities 5 •Three Largest Cities Mumbai, Delhi,Kolkata•World Cities MumbaiKey Themes• Long history of conquest and settlement•Devastating colonial period•Massive rural-urban migration in recent decades•True primate cities in all countries• Except India • Civil wars and political instability• Flooding from monsoons and cyclones•Limited integration into the modern global economy, but changing• India a Newly Industrializing Economy (NIE) KolkataKey Themes•Three types of cities•Traditional•Colonial•Planned cities, e.g.•Chandigarh•IslamabadChandigarhwww.travelamritsar.com/ attractionsHistorical Periods• Indus Valley Era• Aryan Hindu Impact• Dravidian Impact• Muslim Impact• Colonial Period• Modern PeriodIndus Valley Era•Among world’s oldest urban hearths (3000 –1500 BC)•Mohenjo-Daro and HarappaMohenjo-Daro http://www.kmtspace.com/mohenjo-citadel-b12a.jpgIndus River Valley Civilizations Source: World Regional Geography, 10th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010Aryan Hindu ImpactAryan-speaking nomadic groups came from north to India about 1500 BCBrought the Hindu religion to the regionCaste social system Dhobi – Washermen of Sudra casteHindu pilgrims at dawn worship in the Ganges River at VaranasiThe caste system of the HindusDravidian Impact•Dravidian Temple Cities•Strong in South India•Hindu forms of city, with:•Temples•Water tanks •Chowks (bazaars)•Homes of Brahmin priests•Still strongly Hindu today•Little Muslim impactHindu Temple in India’s Tamil Nadu stateSource: Visualizing Human Geography, Wiley, 2011Muslim Impact•11th century on, first by the Arab invaders who brought•Islamic-type cities, with•Citadels•Medina•Mosques,•Brick walls•Moghuls (also Muslim) brought additional changes in the16th century•Magnificence•Massiveness •Taj Mahal & Shah JahanTaj Mahal, Agra, IndiaSource: World Regional Geography, 2010Colonial PeriodPresidency TownsBombay or MumbaiMadras or ChennaiCalcutta or KolkataThe main foci of the colonial mercantile systemhttp://www.carrental-india.com/gifs/chennai-high-court.jpgBritish India: Administered Areas and Trading StationsSource: World regional Geography, 2010Colonial-Based CityAn 18th-century portrait depicting Fort St. George, the first major British settlement in India and the foundation stone of Madras, one of the Presidency Towns.Bazaar-Based City Grown around: Trade function Temple ChowkDehli Chandni Chowk.www.alfredrichter.de/.../ Dehli-Photos/ulthm2.htmColonial Period (Continued)Other colonial settlementsCantonmentsRailway ColoniesHill StationsHill Station todayModern Period•Independence from Britain (1947)•Partition of India and Pakistan•Unresolved conflict in Kashmir•Creation of Bangladesh•British urban amenities inherited Great Hindu & Muslim migration, 1947Modern PeriodContinued conflict with large minority populationsSikhs in IndiaPashtuns in PakistanRapid growth of citiesSome of world’s great megacitiesAccelerated Urbanization from Globalization impactsMajor slums emergingGolden Temple of the Sikh religion in AmiritsarModern PeriodHigh-tech facility in BangaloreIndia’s new Interstate Highway System•In India especially:•Name changes of cities and states•Centers for international outsourcing•Modern Interstate systemRepresentative CitiesDelhiKolkata (Calcutta)Chennai (Madras)Mumbai (Bombay)KarachiDhaka (Dacca)Delhi Delhi is the name of the metropolitan area, containingNew Delhi, India’s capitalOld Delhi, formerly ShahjahanabadLocation between Ganges and Indus PlainsOn major invasion route from Khyber Pass“He who controls Delhi controls India”Source: James M. Rubenstein, Contemporary Human Geography, Pearson Education Inc., 1st edition, 2010Delhi (Continued)Old Delhi“Shajahanabad”Old Delhi: To left is Muslim neighborhood, to the right HinduRed Fort of Old DelhiDelhi (Continued)New Delhi1911 British moved capital from CalcuttaGrand inauguration in 1931Air pollution bad – among 5 worst cities in worldKolkata (Calcutta)Premier Presidency Town Originally a trade post & military garrison (1756)Old Colonial Capital1757 - 1911Undercut by Suez CanalUndercut by the creation of the country of Bangladesh Victoria Memorial 1901(photo)Kolkata (Calcutta)Kolkata, colonial administrative building•Megacity•16 million population•Leading port and capital of West Bengal•“City in a Swamp”•22 ft. below sea level•Monsoons, flooding •Pioneer in higher education•“What Bengal thinks today, India thinks tomorrow.”Chennai (Madras)Regional Center (capital) of Tamil NaduMajor seaport on Bay of Bengal One of 3 Presidency TownColonial Impacts:Portuguese Dutch British East India Co. Good example of Colonial-based CityChennai (Madras)Population about 7 millionMainly Tamils84% pop. is Hindu Famous beach – Marina BeachFamous for cultural heritage and Dravidian temple architectureWas famous for Madras silkNow Automobiles Business process outsourcingMumbai (Bombay)One of South Asia’s largest urban agglomerationsPort city Former Presidency TownFinancial centerCotton TextilesSource: James M. Rubenstein, Contemporary Human Geography, Pearson Education Inc., 1st edition, 2010MumbaiDharavi: Mumbai Shanty TownNavi Mumbai (New Bombay)BollywoodKarachiPakistan’s major portA primate city, located on the Arabian SeaBritish conquered it in 1839 and annexed into British India True Bazaar-type city in its centerKarachi, British colonial
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