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Wright URS 2000 - Chapter 1 World Urban Development

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World Urban DevelopmentUrban Development ThemesWhat is a city? Concepts and DefinitionsWhat is a city?Slide 5Origins of CitiesSlide 7Slide 8Growth of Urban PopulationSlide 10Slide 11Location of CitiesCity FunctionsSystems of CitiesEconomies of CitiesInternal Structure of CitiesSlide 17Internal Urban StructureLocation of Major CitiesLocation of Major CitiesPowerPoint PresentationSlide 22Slide 23Location of Major Cities: 2015Global/World CitiesUrban Positives:OpportunityUrban Positives:DiversityUrban Positives:ActionUrban Challenges: HousingUrban Challenges: CrimeUrban Challenges: TrafficUrban Challenges: SprawlWorld DemographicsWorld RegionsWorld Urban DevelopmentGrowth and Change in Urban SocietiesDayton, OhioUrban Development Themes•Over 50% of the world’s population now live in cities. We can now say that the world is urbanized. •Along with globalization, the most critical trend in the world is rapid urbanization – the movement of people into cities.•Increasingly people are moving to megacities, which are growing into enormous urban agglomerations.•The largest cities in the world are increasingly in the less developed countries of the world (LDC’s).•Definitions of city are changing. If we think of a city as an economic unit we must include not only suburbs, but also the urban fringe areas which draw in commuters each day.•In fact, as countries become more urbanized, it is becoming more and more difficult to distinguish where one metropolitan area ends and another begins. We need a new vocabulary for this age of conurbations, megalopolises and even megalopolitan regions.What is a city? Concepts and Definitions•Urban place•Another word for city•Definition varies by country•Municipality•Legally defined city•Urbanized area•Central city plus suburbs•Metropolitan area (or metropolis)•Urbanized area plus commuting zoneCountryPopulation MinimumSweden and Denmark 200South Africa 500Australia 1,000France and Argentina 2,000U.S. 2,500Ghana and Belgium 5,000Spain 10,000Japan 30,000Some population-defined urban placesWhat is a city?A few more terms•Millionaire City•Megacity•Capital City•Colonial City•Socialist City•New/Planned CitySao Paolo, Brazil -- MegacitySource:www.bullfrogfilms.comWhat is a city?And a few more•Megalopolis•Conurbation•Megalopolitan RegionsMegalopolis and conurbations in US & CanadaOrigins of Cities•Cities as citadels•Cities as centers of exchange•Preconditions for city development•Food supply•Technology innovations•Social organization and powerSource: David Kaplan etal, Urban Geography, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008Cities of Mesopotamia and the Fertile CrescentOrigins of Cities•Theories of Urban Origin•Agricultural Surplus•Religious Causes•Defensive Needs•Trading RequirementsCity of Ur, Mesopotamia. Excavations of buildings with a ziggurat in the backgroundThe Agora & Acropolis, Athens, 435 BCSource: Cities then and Now, 1999Origins of CitiesCultural Hearths: Original Centers of CivilizationGrowth of Urban PopulationGrowth of Urban Population Urbanization:Movement of people from rural to urban placesInternal growth of urban versus rural placesThe change in lifestyle that results from being in cities Rate of urbanizationSource: Fellmann etal, Human Geography, McGraw-Hill, 10th editionGrowth of Urban Population Urbanism:Political, economic, and social aspect of urban way of lifeResult of urbanizationUrbanized:50% or more of the population of a country or region live in cities Percent of the population living in citiesLocation of CitiesSite: Physical environment where city is locatedSituation: Relative location of the city; its connectedness to the worldSite of New York City: Manhattan Island & New York HarborRoute of the Erie Canal connecting New York City to the Great Lakes and beyondSituation of New York City: Atlantic SeaboardCity Functions1. Market centers2. Transportation centers3. Specialized function centers Specialized function: Washington DCTransportation: Port city of SingaporeMarket center; Northallerton, United KingdomSystems of CitiesNumber of cities within a countryDistributionConnectednessHierarchy of citiesRank-size rulePrimate cityEconomies of CitiesBasic functions (B) help cities grow, e.g.  Manufacturing Commerce Services for external marketsNon-Basic activities (NB) supplement and support basic functions, e.g. Grocery stores Restaurants Hospitals etc.The economy and the population grow due to the “multiplier effect” Each new basic function not only adds basic workers (and families) but additional non-basic workers (and families)How many additional non-basic workers depends upon the B/NB ratioThe multiplier works backwards too. Loss of basic industries results in loss of non-basic industries, and a decline in population.Basic functionNon-basic functionInternal Structure of Cities•Urban land use patterns(North American example)•Central Business District•Fringe (Warehousing etc.)•Inner City Residential•Inner Suburbs•Middle Suburbs•Outer Suburbs•“Edge Cities” & CBD’sSource: Jerome Fellmann etal, Human Geography, 11th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010Internal Structure of CitiesSource: Text Pg. 35•Classic Models of Urban Structure•Plus the Inverse Concentric Zone ModelSocial Areas of Cities, based on:Social StatusFamily StatusEthnicityInternal Urban StructureLocation of Major Cities Major cities of the worldLocation of Major CitiesMore developed countries (MDCs): Global NorthLess developed countries (LDCs): Global SouthMore developed regionsLess developed regions•More developed countries•Less developed countriesLocation of Major Cities: 195020 of 30 most populated cities were in MDCs6 out of top 10Rank CityPopulation (millions)1New York 12.332Tokyo 11.283London 8.364Shanghai 6.15Paris 5.46Moscow 5.367Buenos Aires 5.18Chicago 4.999Calcutta 4.5110Beijing 4.33Location of Major Cities: 1950•More developed countries•Less developed countriesLocation of Major Cities: 20158 of the top 30 are projected to be in MDCs.2 out of top 10Rank CityPopulation (millions)1Tokyo 35.52Mumbai 21.873Mexico City 21.574Sao Paulo 20.545New York 19.886Delhi 18.67Shanghai 17.228Kolkata 16.989Dhaka 16.8410Jakarta16.82Location of Major Cities: 2015Global/World CitiesOther World Cities: Montreal, Atlanta, Cairo, Rome,


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