NRSC 2100 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 15 20 Neuroanatomy part 2 How is the brain organized Based on developmental ontogeny What are the major regions of the rhombencephalon and their major functions What are the major regions of the mesencephalon midbrain and their major functions What are the different constituents of the diencephalon in their major functions What are the different constituents of the telencephalon e g basal ganglia etc and their major functions How is the cerebral cortex generally organized e g laminar organization Auditory system How are sound waves generated and propagated What are the physical and perceptual dimensions of sound waves What is the normal range of hearing in humans What are the physical characteristics of our sound organ outer middle inner ear How is the attenuation reflex controlled and obtained How do the different components of the ear lead to basilar membrane vibration How is the Organ or Corti organized structurally How do hair cells transduce transform sound pressure energy into electrochemical information including how stereocilia work What is the role of the inner and outer hair cells How is sound intensity coded by the cochlea How is sound of different frequencies coded in cochlea remember two different mechanisms How is sound localized by the auditory system horizontally and vertically What does tonotopic organization mean What is the auditory pathway to the brain Vestibular system What are the stimuli that activate the vestibular system What is the difference between the function of the vestibular sacs and the semicircular canals How are the vestibular sacs and semicircular canals organized structurally How do the Utricle and Saccule detect head orientation gravity and linear acceleration remember the otoliths How do the semicircular canals detect rotational head acceleration remember inertial resistance of endolymph What are some of the functions of the vestibular senses remember the VOR How does vestibular information reach the brain What are the main central vestibular pathways Visual system What is light energy What are the 3 perceived characteristics of light What are important properties of light transmission remember reflection absorbance and refraction What are the structural characteristics of the eye What produces some of the abnormalities of vision remember we need to achieve focus at the fovea What is a visual field and how are objects measured remember degrees How is the retina organized How is information transmitted in the retina what are the different cell layers What is the mechanism of electromagnetic energy transduction into photoreceptors remember dark current What are the mechanisms and properties of central vs peripheral vision fovea vs peripheral retina What are On and Off cells associated with the concept of receptive field How are center surround receptive fields obtained at the level of bipolar and ganglion cells What are M type P type and nonM nonP type ganglion cells and what are their respective structural and electrical properties What is the mechanism of color vision remember both trichromatic and color opponents What is the conscious visual pathway to the brain What are the non thalamic visual pathways in the brain How is it that the left visual field ends on the right side of your brain How is the lateral geniculate nucleus organized How is the striate primary visual cortex organized What are ocular dominance columns and where are they located in the primary visual cortex How and where is binocular vision observed in the primary visual cortex What are the major outputs of the primary visual cortex What are blobs What is the difference between orientation vs direction selective cortical neurons What are visual cortical modules What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral streams of the visual system Somatosensory system What s the difference between glabrous and hairy skin What are the 2 main groups of somatic sensory receptors and where are they located What are mechanoreceptors What are somatosensory receptive fields What is somatosensory adaptation and how is it obtained What is the relationship between axon size including myelination conduction velocity and function type of sensory information carried What is the dermatome What are the major pathways via which somatosensory information reaches the brain for both hapsis and nociception How is the primary somatosensory cortex organized and where is it located What is the somatosensory homunculus and what does it describe What are nociceptors and what provides appropriate stimuli for their activation What is hyperalgesia How is nociceptive information processed in the spinal cord What is the pain pathway to the brain and how is it different from the hapsis fine touch and pressure pathway What is the phenomenon of referred pain What are the different ways and mechanisms to regulate pain How is temperature transduced in temperature sensitive sensory neurons Somatic Motor System What are the different types of muscle fibers What is the nomenclature associated with the different types of muscles What is the general anatomy of a muscle fiber How do muscle fibers contract What are lower motor neurons What is the neuromuscular junctions and associated neurotransmitters and receptors How are motor neurons organized in the ventral horn of the spinal cord What is the source of the synaptic inputs to motor neurons What are motor units and pools What is proprioception What is the monosynaptic stretch myotatic reflex How does the muscle spindle work How does the Golgi tendon organ work What is a polysynaptic reflex and what neural circuit is required to mediate these reflexes this includes the crossed extensor relfex What are central pattern generators Central control of voluntary movements What are the major descending spinal tracts lateral and medial components What is the part of the brain that directly controls voluntary movements What tells the primary motor cortex what to do What are the structures of the basal ganglia and how does it form a loop structure What is the role of the basal ganglia in the control of movement What are some diseases associated with basal ganglia dysfunction What is the general structure of the cerebellum What is the role of the cerebellum in the control of movements