CNS Organization through DevelopmentVentricular System and the CNSThe CNS forms from the walls of a fluid-filled neural tubeThe inside of the tube becomes ventricular systemThe neural tubeEndoderm, mesoderm, ectodermNeural plate  neural grooveFusion of neural foldsNeural tube (forms CNS neurons)Neural crest (forms PNS neurons)Embryonic development:neural plate;neural groove;neural tube-neurulation;3 primary brain vesiclesThe Central Nervous SystemProsencephalon: Forebrain- telencephalon- diencephalonHindbrainMedulla Oblongatadorsomedial medulla contains sensory relay nuclei;contains a number of nuclei crucial for vital functions (heart rate, breathing, etc.);contains all tracts to/from spinal cord/brain.Cerebellum: involved in fine motor control.Pons: associated with several nuclei mediating hearing, vestibular, and taste functions, several tracts, and pontine reticular formation (sleep, arousal).Midbrain1. Tectum:- Inferior colliculus: auditory information.- Superior colliculus: visual information.2. Tegmentum:- Substantia Nigra: Dopamine producing cells (Parkinson’s disease!)-Reticular formation.3. Periaqueductal gray:- modulation of pain.Forebrain. Diencephalon1. Thalamus: dorsal part of diencephalon- relays most types of sensory information (vision, hearing, pain, touch, temperature, proprioception) to neocortex.2. Hypothalamus: ventral part of diencephalon;- controls autonomic nervous system;- controls motivated behaviors (sex, eating, drinking, etc.)- controls many endocrine systems from pituitary gland (master gland).Forebrain. TelencephalonBasal Ganglia: Mediates motor , learning, and “reward” functions.- Caudate/Putamen (also called Striatum; receives dopaminergic axons from Substantia Nigra);- Globus Pallidus;nucleus Accumbens (ventral striatum; involved in addiction and reward mechanisms; dopaminergic system)Limbic System: mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors- Medial Prefrontal Cortex: social behaviors, “working” memory, and other “executive” functions.- Hippocampus: Learning and memory, stress.Amygdala: Aggressiveness, fear, anxiety, and other emotions.Cerebral Cortex (neocortex): “youngest” part of nervous system (most evolved)Cerebral CortexCell bodies in layers or sheets;Surface layer separated from pia mater, layer I;Apical dendrites form multiple branches;Mammalian neocortex normally displays 6 layer organizationNRSC 2100 1st Edition Lecture 14CNS Organization through DevelopmentVentricular System and the CNS– The CNS forms from the walls of a fluid-filled neural tube– The inside of the tube becomes ventricular system– The neural tube• Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm• Neural plate  neural groove• Fusion of neural folds – Neural tube (forms CNS neurons)– Neural crest (forms PNS neurons)Embryonic development:• neural plate;• neural groove;• neural tube-neurulation;• 3 primary brain vesiclesThe Central Nervous SystemProsencephalon: Forebrain - telencephalon - diencephalonHindbrainMedulla Oblongata- dorsomedial medulla contains sensory relay nuclei;- contains a number of nuclei crucial for vital functions (heart rate, breathing, etc.);- contains all tracts to/from spinal cord/brain.Cerebellum: involved in fine motor control.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Pons: associated with several nuclei mediating hearing, vestibular, and taste functions, several tracts, and pontine reticular formation (sleep, arousal).Midbrain1. Tectum: - Inferior colliculus: auditory information. - Superior colliculus: visual information.2. Tegmentum: - Substantia Nigra: Dopamine producing cells (Parkinson’s disease!) -Reticular formation.3. Periaqueductal gray: - modulation of pain.Forebrain. Diencephalon1. Thalamus: dorsal part of diencephalon - relays most types of sensory information (vision, hearing, pain, touch, temperature, proprioception) to neocortex.2. Hypothalamus: ventral part of diencephalon; - controls autonomic nervous system; - controls motivated behaviors (sex, eating, drinking, etc.) - controls many endocrine systems from pituitary gland (master gland).Forebrain. TelencephalonBasal Ganglia: Mediates motor , learning, and “reward” functions.- Caudate/Putamen (also called Striatum; receives dopaminergic axons from Substantia Nigra);- Globus Pallidus;-nucleus Accumbens (ventral striatum; involved in addiction and reward mechanisms; dopaminergic system)Limbic System: mediates emotions, memory, and social behaviors- Medial Prefrontal Cortex: social behaviors, “working” memory, and other “executive” functions.- Hippocampus: Learning and memory, stress.-Amygdala: Aggressiveness, fear, anxiety, and other emotions.- Cerebral Cortex (neocortex): “youngest” part of nervous system (most evolved)Cerebral Cortex• Cell bodies in layers or sheets; • Surface layer separated from pia mater, layer I;• Apical dendrites form multiple branches;• Mammalian neocortex normally displays 6 layer