NRSC 2100 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Introduction to Neuroscience 2100 (Campeau)Study Guide for last section on Motivation, Emotion, Brain Development, learning and memoryMotivation and EmotionsWhat are regulatory and non-regulatory motivated behaviors?Which brain region is particularly important in the regulation of regulatory and non-regulatorybehaviors?What is homeostasis?What are the main regions controlling humoral (hormone) balance?How is the digestive system organized to provide the nutrients necessary for life?How is Energy Balance controlled (Hint: prandial and postabsorptive states)?How is leptin involved in the long-term regulation of body weight?What are the hypothalamic regions known to regulate body weight, and how do they achieve theirfunctions (how are they connected to other brain regions/specific groups of neurons tocontroldifferent mechanisms ultimately regulating body weight)?What are the different humoral, visceromotor, and somatic responses modified by energy balancemechanisms?What are the shorter-term hunger signals regulating food intake?What are the shorter-term satiety signals regulating food intake?What is "reward" and how does reinforcement believed to "motivate" behaviors?What brain/neurotransmitter system is associated with the "wanting" aspect of reward?How was reward discovered by Olds and Milner?How can "wanting" be disrupted (hint: what would you inject in the brain to reduce wanting, butnot the "liking" property of stimuli)?What is hypovolemic thirst?How is hypovolemic thirst signaled to the brain, and what mechanisms are triggered to reverse thisstate?What is Osmotic thirst?How is osmotic thirst signaled to the brain, and what mechanisms are triggered to reverse thisstate?What is diabetes mellitus?What is diabetes insipidus?How are emotions produced according to the James-Lange theory?How are emotions produced according to the Cannon-Bard theory?How are these two theories both right and wrong at the same time?How does the "somatic marker hypothesis" of emotions reconcile the limitations of theearlytheories?What is the limbic lobe, according to Broca?What brain regions make up the limbic circuit of Papez, and how are they interconnected?According to Papez, which brain region is responsible for emotional "experience", and whichregion is mostly responsible for emotional "expression"?What are some of the functional effects of limbic system dysfunctions (rabies, lesions, etc.)?What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome, and what are the symptoms, as originally defined by theseresearchers?Which part of the brain is affected in the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?Which brain region is strongly associated with several humoral, autonomic, and somatic responsesnormally observed during emotional activation, other than the hypothalamus?What happens upon disruption/damage to the amygdala?Other than fear responses, what other function is associated with the amygdala (hint: learning)?What are some of the observations that the human amygdala is also associated with fear (hint:damage, stimulation, functional imaging)?What is the difference between predatory and affective aggressions?Is the amygdala also associated with aggression?What other brain regions are associated with aggression (include brain regions and fiber tracts)?How is the serotonin system associated with aggressive behaviors (what is the evidence for arelation between serotonin and aggressive behaviors)?Development of the nervous systemWhat is the cell type order in the genesis of nervous system cells?What are the different phases of neural development?What is cell proliferation?What is a mechanism via which cell proliferation is arrested, and instead leads to cell migration anddifferentiation?What is cell migration and what is one of the main mechanism employed by nervous system cells tomove to their final destination?Are all cells migrating through the same pathway (hint, no!)?What is the order of migration for cells giving rise to neocortex (cortical development)?What are some of the factors involved in cell differentiation (these include internalgenetic/programmed signals and external attractant/repulsant signals)?What are the different "stages" of "pathway" (axon) formation (or how do neurons connect to eachother)?What's a growth cone, and what are its different components?What is fasciculation, and what are the main molecules mediating their formation?How do various molecules (netrins, slit, ephrins) contribute to the formation of axon pathways totheir final destination or targets?In the final "addressing" formation (synaptic contacts between neurons), how do neurons formsynapses to interact with each other?What is apoptosis?What is the contribution of trophic factors in cell survival?What is synaptic capacity (hint: finite area on neurons to make synaptic contacts!)?How is neural activity important in fine tuning synaptic connections (remember elimination andstrengthening)?How is synaptic "segregation" obtained (hint: correlated activity example in retina)?How are synaptic modifications achieved (hint: Hebbian synapses)?What are the requirements for Hebbian synaptic modifications?Does neural activity invariably lead to synaptic strengthening and why?What are critical periods of plasticity, and how long do they last?Why do critical periods end (or plasticity significantly reduced after the end of these periods)?Are activity-dependent synaptic modifications short-term (molecular mechanisms) or long-term(structural changes) and what might be the substrate(s) of these modifications?What is the effect of "environmental enrichment" on brain development?What is a likely mechanism of activity-dependent synaptic enhancement in excitatoryneurotransmission?What are the unique characteristics of NMDA receptors, and what is meant by NMDA receptorsbeing "coincidence detectors"?What is LTP and LTD?What is the proposed mechanism responsible for long-term depression (LTD)?Learning and Memory SystemsWhat are the major types of memories?What is declarative memory, and what brain regions have been associated with this type ofmemory?What are the different subtypes of non-declarative memory, and what brain regions have beenassociated with the different subtypes?What are the different memory stages, what are their durations and capacities?What is dissociative amnesia, and what is meant by retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia?How did Karl Lashley study learning and memory, and what was his main contribution to