What are the major landmarks on the surface of the brain?NRSC 2100 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 14I. Neurochemistry:Who discovered neurotransmitters and how (what was Loewi's experimental design, and what was his interpretation)?What are type I and type II synapses, and what are they typically associated with functionally?Where are neurotransmitters produced?(hint: remember the different types of NT - small and large)What is the sequence of steps leading to traditional neurotransmitter releasefrom presynaptic terminals?How are neurotransmitters deactivated when they are released in the synapse (hint: there are 2 different mechanisms)?What determines the effects of specific neurotransmitters (hint: it is NOT the neurotransmitter molecules)?What are neurotransmitter receptors?What are different subtypes of NT receptors?What are the different major types of NT receptors?(hint: we described two major types in class, but we discussed a total of 4 major types)What is the general protein structure of ionotropic receptors (remember to cover the different structural components responsible for gating and ion selectivity!)What is the general protein structure of metabotropic receptors?What are the different types of receptors based on location?What are the main criteria used to determine if a substance is a neurotransmitter?What are the synthetic and metabolic pathways for the neurotransmitter GABA?What are the synthetic and metabolic pathways for the catecholamine neurotransmitters?What are the major classes of neurotransmitters and some of their characteristics (fast or slow acting) and functions (what are "small" neurotransmitters?; what is the general function associated with those?; how are they generally deactivated?; you can ask yourself the same questions about the other classes of neurotransmitters!)What are retrograde messengers (hint: endogenous cannabinoids)?What are the similarities and distinction between traditional neurotransmitterrelease (glutamate, catecholamines) vs. some of the more recently discovered neurotransmitters (endocannabinoids, soluble gases)?What is Dale's principle?What are the 3 main components of a "signaling system"?What are molecular signals?What are receptor molecules?What are the main effector cascades?How do G-proteins activation regulate second messengers (cAMP, cGMP)?Do you remember one of the functions of activated βγ subunits?Which G-protein subunit is mainly responsible for the production of cyclic nucleotide second-messengers?What are some of the targets of second messengers (cAMP, etc.)?How can intracellular signaling cascade induce changes in neural functions?What is the signaling mediated by cyclic nucleotide cascades?What is the signaling mediated by the lipid cascade?What do protein kinases do?What do protein phosphatases do?How is calcium regulated in neurons and how does it work as a second messenger?What cascade is the enzyme-linked receptor pathway "trk" closely associatedwith (remember the MAPKKK . . . - ERK cascade!)What is nuclear signaling, and how does it regulate neural functioning (hint: it happens in the nucleus of cells!)?How does convergence and divergence between receptors and signaling cascades take place?II. II. PsychopharmacologyWhat is psychopharmacology?What is a drug (make sure you remember what the meaning of ligands, exogenous and endogenous are!)?What are drug actions and drug effects and how are they different?What are important pharmacokinetic considerations when discussing drug effects?(remember absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)What are some of the barriers that drugs need to overcome in order to access the brain?What are the two main factors influencing the movement of drugs across biological membranes (remember lipid solubility)?What are some of the different routes of drug administration (some advantages and disadvantages or each)?What are some of the special characteristics of specific routes of administration?What is the major organ involved in metabolizing/breaking down drugs and what family of enzymes carry out this function?What is a drug agonist (full and partial)?What is an antagonist (competitive/non-competitive)?What are reverse agonists, and how do they differ from agonists and antagonists?What is the difference between drug potency and drug efficacy?Make sure you understand the various mechanisms by which drugs can change neural functions (remember the many synaptic transmission steps where a drug can increase or decrease function! These are the same steps you learned when we reviewed chemical synaptic transmission!).III. NeuroanatomyWhat are the major neuroanatomical relational terms?(anterior/rostral, etc.)What are the major information transfer terms used for the nervous system?(tracks vs. nerves, columns, etc.)What are the meninges?What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?What is the main function of the meninges and CSF?How is the nervous system subdivided (CNS, . . . )?What are the major components of the spinal cord, where are they located and what are their major functions (e.g., white matter, ventral horns)?What is the organization and role of the peripheral somatic system?What is the organization and role of the autonomic nervous system?What are the general differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?What are the cranial nerves, and what are their main functions?How is the brain organized?(Based on developmental ontogeny)What are the major regions of the myelencephalon and their major functions?What are the major regions of the metencephalon and their major functions?What are the major regions of the mesencephalon (midbrain) and their majorfunctions?What are the different constituents of the diencephalon in their major functions?What are the different constituents of the telencephalon (e.g., basal ganglia, etc.) and their major functions?What are the major landmarks on the surface of the brain?(remember the gyri, sulci, etc.)How is the cerebral cortex generally organized (e.g., laminar