PSYCH 412 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Essential Features of Somatic Symptom and Related DisordersII. Somatic Symptom DisorderIII. Illness Anxiety DisorderIV. Conversion DisorderV. Factitious DisorderVI. Theoretical Explanations and TreatmentVII. Dissociative DisordersVIII. Dissociative AmnesiaIX. Dissociative Identity DisorderX. Treatment of Dissociative DisordersOutline of Current LectureI. Mindy Body InteractionII. Stress and StressorsIII. Stress ResponsesIV. Psychological Stress Disorders: PTSDV. Physical Stress DisordersVI. Moderators of stress-illness linkVII. Stress ManagementThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureI. Mind Body Interactiona. Psychosomatic Hypothesisi. This hypothesis suggests that bodily symptoms can be caused by the blocking of emotional expressionb. Walter Cannon discovered the body’s “fight or flight” response back in the 1930’s.c. Hans Selyei. Hans came up with the general adaptation syndrome, which is a model todescribe the body’s biological reactions to sustained stress.d. “Biopsychosocial” model of illnessi. This emphasizes the interaction between biological variables, psychological states, and social factors in development of medical problems. This model thinks about how emotions can affect health and what physiological reactions we have to these emotions and how they influence our behavior.e. Diathesisi. This is a predisposing biological condition that may be of genetic origin typically involving vulnerable or over-reactive bodily systems.f. Health Psychologyi. Primary aim is to determine important relationships between psychological variables, like stress, and physical health. Our beliefs, emotions, and behaviors contribute significantly to the onset and prevention of physical illness.II. Stress and Stressorsa. Stress is a perceived imbalance between an individual’s coping resources and the demands of the person.b. Stressors are things that disrupt or threaten to disrupt some aspect of our functioning.c. Stress responses are a cluster of specific disturbing psychological and physiological to stressors.d. Life events are major occurrences in one’s life that display or threaten to disrupt the person’s routines.e. Daily Hassles are relatively minor, temporary situations that place everyday demands on people irritating but not that threatening such as being stuck in traffic, work issues, or annoying people. These things are low in intensity but highin frequency, making them more irritating and stressful.f. Job stressorsi. There are many different things that can create stress at work. One major thing that causes a lot of workers stress is job ambiguity. When the worker does not know what they are to do specifically or are unsure of their duties this creates stress. Another common job stressor is role overload, or the employee has too much to do for the role that they have.Interpersonal relationship and physical environment such as safety issues and noise can also be a job stressor. Another big job stressor are jobs thathave high demands and low control, jobs that involve this are very stressful. The worker has high demands of them and high responsibility but they have no control over anything they have to do or how or when it gets done. Also, chronic high job stress contributes to high blood pressure.III. Stress Responsesa. Cognitive appraisal of eventsi. Primary appraisal1. We decide if the event is relevant to us and if so is it potentiallyt harmful or threatening.ii. Secondary appraisal1. This is the evaluation of our ability to cope with an event we judgeto be stressful.iii. If after this appraisal process we think we cannot deal with something we will become stressedb. Psychological stress responsesi. This is usually emotional responses such as irritability, fear, anger, depression, and anxiety. There are also cognitive responses such as diminished attention and concentration along with memory falters.c. Physiological stress responsesi. Nervous system’s stress response 1. If the brain believes something is a threat or stressor it sends a message to the rest of the body to activate the stress response or our fight or flight response.2. Automatic Nervous Systema. This controls the activity of internal organs. It increases thearousal of different organs so we are better prepared to deal with the stressful situation at hand. This is known as out fight or flight response.3. Fight or Flight Responsea. Adrenaline is released into the bloodstreamb. The liver releases more cholesterol into the bloodstreamc. More blood sugar is producedd. Increases in breathing and heart rate and blood pressure occur.ii. Endocrine system’s stress response1. The endocrine system is a network of glands throughout the body that secrete various hormones into the bloodstream.2. Cortisol is a stress hormone which stimulates the liver to produce more blood sugar, more stored fat is then released into the bloodstream and we then get more energy.IV. Psychological Stress Disorders: PTSDa. Psychological stress disorders are severe reactions to an event a person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury or sexual violence to self or others.b. Acute Stress Disorderi. This is where significant stress symptoms begin within four weeks of a traumatic event with a duration of at least three days to a month.c. PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorderi. This is where significant stress symptoms last for more than a month following the exposure to a traumatic stressor.d. These disorders can be caused by a variety of things such as;i. Natural or man-made disastersii. Sexual abuse and /or rapeiii. Physical assaultiv. Domestic violencev. Serious motor vehicle accidentsvi. Military combatvii. Unexpected loss of a loved oneviii. Learning of life threatening diseasee. Symptomsi. Persistent re-experiencing of the event1. This includes intrusive recollections, nightmares, and flashbacks. This can cause intense psychological distress or psychological reactivity when exposed to stimuli that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event.ii. Avoidance of reminders of the trauma1. This can be either mild or as extreme as not leaving the house. This can also include persistent numbness of general responsibilities.iii. Hyper-arousal1. This is exaggerated startle