PSYCH 412 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Overview of the Approaches to TreatmentII. Biological TherapiesIII. Psychodynamic TherapiesIV. Behavioral TherapiesV. Cognitive TherapiesVI. Alternatives to Individual TherapyVII. Effectiveness of TherapyOutline of Current Lecture I. Psychological assessmentII. Clinical interviewsIII. Intelligence testsIV. Personality testsV. Behavioral assessmentVI. Neurological/neuropsychological assessmentVII. What is “abnormal” behavior?VIII. Classification of abnormal behaviorCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Psychological Assessmenta. Assessmenti. A systematic collection and analysis of information about a person’s traits,skills, behavior, emotional functioning, thinking, and other characteristics.ii. Describing the mental functioning of an individualiii. Classifying (i.e. diagnosing) and explaining abnormalitiesiv. Predicting the course/outcomes of disordersv. Planning interventions and evaluating the effectiveness of thesevi. No one assessment procedure is “fool proof” or deemed the best one, not will one show you everything. This is why someone is typically assessed in many different ways before a conclusion is made.b. Assessment qualitiesi. Reliability1. The consistency with which an assessment tool measures whatever it is supposed to measure.2. Test-retest reliabilitya. This is when you retest the same person that you had tested previously on different occasions and you do this with a group of people to see if the results are the same, if they are the test is reliable, if the results are extremely different, the test is no good and it is not reliable at all.3. Inter-rater reliabilitya. This is the consistency of people who are giving the test, does the device read the same results when it is looked at by a different person? If yes then the test is reliable, if no the test is not reliable.ii. Validity1. The extent to which an assessment tool measures what it is supposed to measure.2. Predictive validitya. The extent to which the device can predict an individual’s behavior at a later time.3. Concurrent validitya. The extent to which the device can describe current behaviors.4. Content validitya. This is whether or not the items on an assessment device are representative of all the aspects of the phenomenon being measured.5. Construct validitya. The extent to which the device measures a theoretical construct or trait compared to another test.II. Clinical interviewsa. This is one of the most commonly used assessment procedures and is thought of as the core of clinical psychology. This is where they psychologist gathers information about the person and starts to establish what is wrong with the person and why the goals are based on what they look like, act, and say. One waythat a clinical psychologist does this is by a mental status exam.b. Mental status exami. During a mental status exam they psychologist examines the following things:1. Appearance2. Behavior3. Though content/process4. Mood affect5. Intelligence6. Attention7. Memory8. Judgment9. Insight10. Orientationc. During a clinical interview the questions that are asked and the setting of the interview will depend on the theoretical view that the psychologist associates with.d. Unstructured interviewi. This is an interview where the psychologist asks a lot of open ended questions like “what brings you here today?” or “how does that make youfeel?” These types of interviews are very free flowing as they have no set structure to go by. When a mental status exam is performed during these interviews it is usually because a serious problem or disorder is suspected.e. Structured interviewi. This is where the psychologist asks the same questions, in the same order,and in the same way for everyone they talk to. This way is very rigid and structured and the psychologist usually has a list of questions and instructions to go off of.f. Limitationsi. One limitation is the psychologist’s or interviewer’s interviewing skills, some people are just not good at interviewing other people and this can affect the results of the interview.ii. Another limitation is the cooperation of the person being interviewed. These interviews rely heavily on the person being cooperative and not lying, because of course, this will affect the results of the interview.III. Intelligence testsa. These are one of the primary diagnostic functions and one of the first tests performed on people. Intelligence tests are used to obtain an estimate of a person’s current level of cognitive functioning and they assess the intellectual deterioration which can be due to some type of pathology like dementia.b. Intelligence tests are highly structured and is the exact same for everyone with a standardized testing procedure.c. Wechsler Scalesi. WAIS-IV – for adultsii. WISC-IV – for childreniii. The Wechsler Scales are a type of intelligence test and there are many subtests that measure different aspects of a person’s comprehension like:1. Verbal comprehension2. Perceptual reasoning3. Working memory4. Processing speediv. Reliability of the Wechsler Scales1. These tests are very good and extremely reliable and very standardized.v. Validity1. These tests are excellent and very accurate.IV. Personality testsa. Projective testsi. Projective hypothesis 1. This is the ambiguity of a test stimulus which allows the person to “project” their thoughts, feelings, conflicts, memories, etc., many of which may be unconscious, onto the test stimulus. ii. With these types of tests there is no wrong answer.iii. Rorschach inkblot test1. This is where the person is shown a serious of inkblots and asked what they see within them, with the psychologist hoping that whatever they see will give a hint to what is going on within their mind and what is bothering them.iv. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)1. This is where the person is shown an ambiguous unstructured picture with usually one or two people within in it. The person is they instructed to construct a story about what happened rightbefore the picture was taken, during the picture was taken, and they must create an ending.v. Incomplete sentences1. This is where there is a list of the beginning of sentences and the psychologist reads them off to the person and they are instructed to finish them with the first thing that