PSYCH 412 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 4This study guide is meant to be used in conjunction with your lecture notes or the notes that I have typed up that are available on gradebuddy.Lecture 1 (September 4th)I. Overviewa. Supernaturalistici. This is where supernatural explanations have been used to explain mentalproblems for people. Some supernatural explanations that were common were things such as possession and witchcrafb. Naturalistici. This perspective suggests that the reasons behind mental illnesses and problems are natural and physical problems and that these physical problems are what is leading to the mental problems.c. Psychoneurotici. This perspective suggests that mental problems and illnesses are more psychological. Such as someone experiencing a mental problem because of inner turmoil like trauma or stress.II. Ancient Civilizationsa. Ancient civilizations believed that illnesses were caused by demons and the devil.So they practiced trephining, which was making a hole in someone’s skull so the demons could get out, along with excorcisms.III. Greco-Roman Eraa. This is the era that rationalism came forward and psychopathology became more natural than supernatural. Hippocrates was also during this period and he was known as the father of medicine and he strongly emphasized that there were natural causes behind disorders. b. Mania = abnormal excitementc. Melancholia = abnormal dejection or depressiond. Phrentis = brain fever or deliriouse. Plato said that behavior is shaped by what happens within our past when we are children. f. Alexander the great was the first person to establish public mental institutions. Galen developed Hippocrates theories more and examined the nervous system and believed that abnormality was related to a persons blood and arteries, this iswhere bloodletting came from. He also believed that astrology influences peoples’ behavior, this is where the terms lunatic and lunacy came from, they both have the base word of luna or lunar.IV. Middle Ages and the Renaissancea. During this age demonology came back and rationality went out the window. Thechurch also became more of a powerful force and this led to mass religious hysteria because people did not want to go to hell or get attacked by demonsb. Tarantismi. This term was coined during this mass hysteria when people would run into the streets and start dancing in a wild, infectious manner, jumping and raving. This was described as spider-like movements, hence the term tarantism derived from tarantula. This infectious dancing was thought to be caused by a tarantula bite or that the people were infected by evil spirits.c. Lycanthropyi. This term describes people who believed that they were wolves or that they were possessed by wolves. It is said that they would go out into the streets in the middle of the night and they would howl at the moon and bark. This is where the myth of werewolves originated from.d. Snake Pitsi. It was thought that taking people who were acting abnormal (mentally ill)and suspending them over a pit of snakes would scare the demons away and in turn heal the ill person.e. Witchcrafi. During this period the suspicion of witches became overwhelmingly popular. Witches were considered to be the devil’s servants and the psychological illnesses were caused by witches. Soon the mentally ill wereconsidered to be witches and this concerned the churches, soon the popeput out a statement ordering all Christians to take action and to kill all thewitches. Witches were not just women but there were also cases wheremen and children were also accused of witchcraf and killed. During this period over 100,000 people were killed because of this obsession with witches. V. The Age of Enlightenment (18th – 19th Centuries)a. During this era, mental illness once again became more scientific and people challenged the supernaturalistic views that had previously taken hold.b. Benjamin Rush - Rush is known as the “father of American Psychiatry.” Rush thought that “madness” or mental illness was caused by the engorgement of the blood vessels in the brain which was caused by too much excitement in someone’s life. With this theory in mind Rush then created the tranquilizing chairwhich was a chair that the ill person was strapped into that had a bucked underneath and a box where the head would go, their head would be placed in the box and it would deprive them of all of their senses thus to remove the excitement in their lives and to hopefully cure them. Rush also made psychosurgery popular during this time.c. Frank Mesmer – known for his “mermerizing” of patients to unblock magnetic fluid that he thought ran through his body.d. Pinel – started the moral treatment movement.e. Dorthea Dix – created state mental hospitals.VI. Modern Thought (20th and 21st Centuries)a. This is where the medical model came to a rise. People finally thought that the mentally ill are sick due to physiological malfunctions especially in the brain. This led to biological research to find causes of abnormal symptoms and they say these problems as incurable so instead of attempting to treat them they studied them.b. Emil Kraeplin – came up with syndromes which are a set of symptoms associated with disorders.c. Sigmund Freud – came up with hypnosis and discovered the unconscious.Lecture 2 (September 11th) I. Psychological Perspectivea. This perspective is based on how the activity in the brain and nervous system, our hormones, genes, etc.… relate to our behavior and mental processes. This is also known as the medical model of psychopathology.b. Structural problems – where there is something that is structurally wrong with the person’s brain.c. Communication problems – this is where there is a problem with the brain and the chemicals within the brain and it cannot communicate to other parts of the brain or to the rest of the body, cause abnormal behavior.i. Neurons1. Neurons are a single cell in the nervous system that carry messagesii. Cell Body1. This is the control center of the neuroniii. Dendrites1. These are very short, branching projections covering the cell body that receive information from adjacent neurons or other types of cells.iv. Axon1. These are single fibers that extend away from the cell body and carry information through the neuron to the next neuron(s).a. Synaptic vesiclei. This is a storage sac which contains the neurotransmitters.v. Neurotransmitters1. These