PSYCH 412 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychological PerspectiveII. Psychodynamic PerspectiveIII. Behavioral ModelsIV. Cognitive PerspectiveOutline of Current Lecture I. Overview of the Approaches to TreatmentII. Biological TherapiesIII. Psychodynamic TherapiesIV. Behavioral TherapiesV. Cognitive TherapiesVI. Alternatives to Individual TherapyVII. Effectiveness of TherapyCurrent LectureI. Overview of the Approaches to Treatmenta. The theories that approaches to treatments are based on is what makes the differences between them. The treatment that a therapist or psychologist uses depends on what theory they identify with mostlyb. Biological Therapiesi. Thought that some underlying psychical of physiological problem is the root cause of the psychological disorder.c. Psychodynamic Theoriesi. Symptoms of various disorders involve ego defenses against unconscious conflict that produces anxiety and psychological problems.d. Behavioral TherapiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. The symptoms of the psychological illness have been learned through various experiences with the environmente. Cognitive Therapiesi. Faulty, irrational ways of thinking and beliefs lead to the psychological distress that the person experiences.f. Types of Therapistsi. Clinical Psychologists (Ph.D)1. These therapists have extensive training in research, theories, and the application of techniques.ii. Psychologists (MD)1. These therapists have completed medical school and training and have chosen to specialize in the field of psychopathology.iii. Social workers and counselors1. These therapists have a more limited training than clinical psychologists and psychiatrists and they generally have a narrow range of people they treat. For example a marriage counselor.II. Biological Therapies a. These therapies are used when “talking it out” is not enough or not appropriate for a certain person. Most people who are being treated by biological therapies have an underlying biological abnormality in certain cases. This is designed to cause change in the biological or physiological function of the person.b. Psychosurgeryi. This technique (brain surgery) is RARELY used today but was very popular when mental disorders were still trying to be understood. Now we only use this option when it is absolutely necessary.c. Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT)i. This technique is still used today, it is where electric pulses are sent through the brain in order to treat certain mental illnesses.d. Drug therapyi. This is the most used biological therapy that is used today. Psychoactive drugs can change the behavior, mood, thinking, and feelings of a person and help the symptoms of their illness or disorder. Neurotransmitters are also used but the use of certain psychoactive substances can help people who suffer from schizophrenia significantly and allow them to be able to function in real life and leave the institutions that they may have been living in. There is usually a significant or even a complete elimination of their symptomse. Types of psychoactive medicationsi. Anti-psychotics1. These are sometimes called “major tranquilizers” due to the extreme drowsiness effect that they have on people who takethem. These are primarily used to decrease the severity of symptoms of schizophrenia, these medications also have the mostside effects out of all of them.ii. Anti-anxiety1. These medications are sometimes called “minor-tranquilizers” dueto the slight drowsiness effect they have on people that take them. These medications are primarily used with anxiety and stress disorders, they help people relax and sleep better, a well-known example would be valium of Xanax.iii. Anti-depressants1. These medications elevate moods and decrease the physical side effects of depression.f. Limitations of medicationsi. A big limitation of medications are the side effects that they produce. Sideeffects are the unintended consequences that medications have on someone who is taking them.1. Anti-psychoticsa. These medications are very sedating, hence the nickname “major tranquilizers”. Also, long term use can result in muscle rigidity, tremors, and potential abuse.2. Anti-anxietya. These medications are both emotionally and physically addicting and can be fatal when combined with other substances, such as alcohol.ii. Another limitation of medications is that they don’t cure the problem, they just get rid of the symptoms of the problem. Another limitation is that people often stop taking their medications because of them temporary relief of their symptoms that they receive while taking a couple doses of their medications, they do not realize that they will most likely need a maintenance dose of their medications in order to keep theirsymptoms at bay.iii. Also, because medications to not cure the actual problem behind the symptoms, there is often some other form of help that is needed, like psychotherapy.1. Psychotherapy – a systematic application by a trained therapist of techniques derived from psychological principles to help troubled people change their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and reduce their stress.III. Psychodynamic Therapiesa. These therapies are based on Freud’s theories. These theories are based on the idea that there are unconscious impulses and conflicts that cause mental disorders and lead to neurotic anxiety. The goal of this treatment is to help people gain insight.i. Insight – an understanding of the unconscious motives underlying a person’s symptomsb. Classical Psychoanalysisi. In this the therapist is called an analyst and this is based on the therapy that Freud created. In psychoanalysis sessions the patient lays on a couch and the therapist, or analyst, sits behind the couch out of the patient’s view so that their expressions do not have any influence on what the patient says. The analyst is also silent for most of the time, the patient is encouraged to just talk about whatever comes to their mind, the analyst then uses techniques that attempt to get our unconscious thought into our conscious mind. This type of therapy is very extensive and very expensive; it is usually about four to five sessions a week for several years. This is also the only form of treatment where the patient actually sits on a couch.ii. Free association1. This is where the patient just speaks