Human Evolution 45 000 yr old diatonic scale Flute from Div j e babe I made from the femur of a cav e bear Photo M Zaplatil Terms gene tree vs species tree hominids great apes African great apes knucklewalking African replacement vs multiregional evolution Out of Africa again and again model Templeton Australopithecus Homo ergaster erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens Reconstruction of Neanderthal Courtesy of the Neanderthal Museum Mettmann Germany Primate Classification Simplified Classification of Old World Apes and Humans Catarrhini Old World monkeys apes and humans Hominoidea apes and humans Hylobatidae gibbons Hominidae great apes and humans Ponginae orangutan Homininae African great apes and humans Mayr 2001 What Evolution Is Phylogeny of Old World monkeys apes and humans Hominoidea morph synapomorphies Great apes SE Asia SE Asia Africa Catarrhini F H 2002 p 551 F H 2002 p 551 large brains no tail erect posture flexible hips ankles structure arm shoulder flexible thumb wrist DNA analyses Phylogeny of Hominoidea Apes and Humans African great apes synapomorphies elongated skulls enlarged brow ridge short stout canines changes in upper jaw fusion of wrist bones enlarged ovaries mammary glands reduced hairiness molecular analyses Serum albumin protein similarity Sarich Wilson 1967 5 Ma 30 Ma F H 2002 p 551 F H 2002 p 552 4 possible African great apes human trees DNA data teeth skull limbs genitalic traits knucklewalking Hominidae relationships based on hemoglobin pseudogene DNA sequences 5 4 mya F H 2002 p 553 Phylogeny of humans and African great apes mt DNA CO II mtDNA Horai et al 1992 CO II Phylogeny of humans and African Apes 7 7 mya Ruvolo et al 1994 4 7 Ma Y linked gene Kim Tanenaka 1996 Autosomal genes 5 mya Goodman et al 1994 F H 2002 p 554 F H 2002 p 556 Common ancestor of human and chimps Gene Tree vs Species Tree 1 Probably was knucklewalker which later lost in humans 2 Fruit based diet 3 Used tools to obtain and process food 4 Hunted for food Speciation events with loss of some alleles in both species 5 Complex social structure alliances deception warfare cannibalism sharing teaching compassion HOW HAVE HUMANS EVOLVED Hominid Brain Size Oldest fossil skull suggesting relationship between humans and chimps Sahelanthropus tchadensis fig 19 9 F H 6 7 million years old Resembles humans from front of face Chimps from back with small braincase M ayr 2001 What Evolution Is HOW HAVE HUMANS EVOLVED Fossils Parantrhopus robust australopithecines Fossils Early Homo from Africa Paranthropus Paranthropus Small braincases Huge cheek teeth Huge jaws Bipedal Larger braincases Smaller flatter faces Small teeth jaws Bipedal Taller than australopithecines Less male female size Paranthropus dimorphism F H 2004 p 741 F H 2004 p 742 Fossils Recent Humans modern 30 000 yrs Very large brain case High steep forehead Summary of fossil skull reconstructions of some hominins Large canine teeth low forehead prominent face low brow ridge Some similar features to chimp are evident Smaller canines higher forehead Short flat vertical face Prominent nose Burial with stone tools and jewelry F H 2004 p 744 Scenario for evolution of Homo sapiens Skull more rounded face projects less than earlier forms Face even more vertical and forehead more rounded Rear of skull more rounded than erectus greater cranial capacity Hypothesis for the spread of Archaic and modern humans from Africa in two waves Mayr 2001 What Evolution Is Multiple expansions of Homo from Africa Two hypotheses on the origin of modern humans Multiregional hypothesis Replacement out of Africa hypothesis Futuyma Evolution 2005 A Templeton Natur e 416 2002 Phylogram based on complete mtDNA genome sequences Dispersal of human populations from 50 000 10 000 years in the past based on Y chromosome data 52 000 yr 22 000 yr Non African African TOOLS Sharp edged flakes 2 3 mya LANGUAGE EVOLUTION Probably evolved after humans split from Chimps Unique modification of larynx choppers Hyoid bone found in Neanderthal
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