Human Evolution45,000 yr old diatonic scale"Flute" from Div j e babe I (made from the femur of a cav e bear) (Photo: M. Zaplatil)Reconstruction of Neanderthal(Courtesy of the Neanderthal Museum , Mettmann, Germany.)Termsgene tree vs species treehominidsgreat apesAfrican great apesknucklewalkingAfrican replacement vs multiregional evolutionOut of Africa again and again model (Templeton)AustralopithecusHomo ergaster/erectusNeanderthalHomo sapiensPrimate ClassificationMayr, 2001, What Evolution IsCatarrhini: Old World monkeys, apes, and humansHominoidea: apes and humansHylobatidae: gibbonsHominidae: great apes and humans Ponginae: orangutanHomininae: African great apes and humansSimplified Classification of Old WorldApes and HumansPhylogeny of Old World monkeys,apes and humansCatarrhiniGreat apesSE AsiaAfricaSE AsiaF&H 2002, p. 551• large brains• no tail• erect posture• flexible hips/ankles• structure arm/shoulder• flexible thumb/wrist• DNA analysesHominoidea morphsynapomorphiesF&H 2002, p. 551African great apessynapomorphies• elongated skulls• enlarged brow ridge• short, stout canines• changes in upper jaw• fusion of wrist bones• enlarged ovaries/mammary glands• reduced hairiness• molecular analysesF&H 2002, p. 551Phylogeny of Hominoidea:Apes and Humans5 Ma30 MaSarich & Wilson, 1967Serum albumin protein similarityF&H 2002, p. 5524 possible African great apes + human trees knucklewalkingDNA data,teeth, skull, limbs,genitalic traitsF&H 2002, p. 5535.4 myaHominidae relationships based onhemoglobin pseudogene DNA sequencesPhylogeny of humans and African great apesY-linked gene(Kim & Tanenaka 1996)Autosomalgenes(Goodman et al., 1994)7.7 myamtDNA(Horai et al., 1992)4.7 Ma5 myaF& H 2002, p. 554F&H 2002, p. 556CO II Phylogeny of humans and African Apesmt DNACO II (Ruvolo et al. 1994)Gene Tree vs.Species TreeSpeciation eventswith loss of somealleles in both speciesCommon ancestor of human and chimps1. Probably was knucklewalker, which later lost in humans2. Fruit-based diet3. Used tools to obtain and process food4. Hunted for food5. Complex social structure-- alliances, deception, warfare, cannibalism-- sharing, teaching, compassionSahelanthropus tchadensis (fig. 19.9, F&H)(6-7 million years old)Resembles humans from front of face,Chimps from back (with small braincase)Oldest fossil skull suggestingrelationship between humans and chimpsHOW HAVE HUMANS EVOLVED?Mayr , 2001, What Evolution IsHominid Brain SizeFossils: Parantrhopus (robust australopithecines)•Small braincases•Huge cheek teeth•Huge jaws•BipedalF&H 2004, p. 741HOW HAVE HUMANS EVOLVED?ParanthropusParanthropusParanthropusFossils: Early Homo from Africa• Larger braincases• Smaller, flatter faces• Small teeth/jaws• Bipedal• Taller thanaustralopithecines• Less male/female sizedimorphismF&H 2004, p. 742Fossils: Recent Humans•Very large brain-case•High, steep forehead•Short, flat, vertical face•Prominent nose•Burial, with stonetools and jewelryF&H 2004, p. 744modern~30,000 yrsSummary of fossilskull reconstructionsof some homininsLarge canine teeth, lowforehead, prominent face,low brow ridgeSome similar features tochimp are evidentSmaller canines, higherforeheadSkull more rounded, faceprojects less than earlierformsFace even more vertical andforehead more roundedRear of skull more roundedthan erectus, greater cranialcapacityMayr, 2001, What E volu tion IsScenario for evolution of Homo sapiensHypothesis for the spread of Archaicand modern humans from Africa in two wavesFutuyma, Evolution 2005Two hypotheses on theorigin of modern humansMultiregional hypothesisReplacement (“out-of-Africa)hypothesisMultiple expansions of Homo from AfricaA. Templeton, Natur e 416 (2002)AfricanNon-African52,000 yr± 22,000 yrPhylogram basedon complete mtDNAgenome sequencesDispersal of human populations from ~50,000-10,000 yearsin the past (based on Y chromosome data)TOOLS(2.3 mya)Sharp-edgedflakeschoppersProbably evolved afterhumans split from ChimpsUnique modification of larynxHyoid bone found in NeanderthalLANGUAGE
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