Molecular phylogenetics and other tree terms What is the Panspermia Hypothesis root of a tree cladogram vs phylogram alignment nucleotide homology gaps and substitutions transition transversion bias base composition bias rate variation in DNA genetic distance maximum likelihood and use of evolutionary models bootstrap analysis Apini Meliponini Advanced eusociality Bombini Primitive eusociality Euglossini Solitary to communal DNA MORPHOLOGY Apini Meliponini Bombini Meliponini Euglossini Bombini Euglossini Apini Are the taxa with highly eusocial characteristics monophyletic 3 changes Opsin Cyt b 28S 16S Apis mel Apis nig Apis dor Eufriesea Exaerete Eulaema Euglossa Bombus avi Bombus pen Bombus ter Melipona Scaptotrigona Tetragona Trigona Lestrimelitta Melissodes Anthophora Habropoda Xylocopa Centris Honey bees Orchid bees 3 changes Meliponini Meliponini Bombini Bumble bees Euglossini Stingless bees Apini Outgroup Bombini Euglossini Apini Outgroup Variation in Highly Social Traits Honey bees Stingless bees swarming old queen swarming new queen progressively provision mass provision larvae recruit by dance recruit by odor trails queen multiply mated queen singly mated nest architecture nest architecture Terms for how life began ribozyme Tetrahymena thermophila panspermia hypothesis Murchison meteorite carbonaceous chondrites CHON S P Oparin Haldane model montmorillonite wax and resin wax Evolution What is it Descent with modification Darwin Origin 1859 Descent with modification How Did Life Begin HARD QUESTIONS 4 Billion Ma 1 What was Earth s environment like when life arose 2 How is life defined and how did it arise from non life 3 What were the characteristics of the very first cells What is Life Ability to store and transmit information having a genotype Ability to express that information having a phenotype Ability to evolve change over time What came first Protein DNA Ribozyme Tetrahymena thermophila genotype phenotype RNA evolution in a test tube Q RNA Virus Tetrahymena ribozyme generation 1 Test tube evolution of Ribozyme Tetrahymena generation 9 Formation rate of ribozyme phosoester bonds Panspermia Life elsewhere in the Universe Fossil Bacteria Increase in catalytic activity Monomers of CHON Stanley Miller s Apparatus 1953 Glycine Alanine Oparin Haldane Model Murchison Meteorite alanine glycine proline valine proteins Assemblage of biological polymers Oldest known sedimentary rocks Nucleotides Carbonaceous apatite crystal Akilia Island Greenland 3 8 billion years old 10 base nucleotides bind to clay montmorillonite 20 bp Banded iron formation Akilia Island Greenland 3 8 billion years old 11 bp Chain 10 bases long Inclusion in crystal perhaps produced by living organism ratio 12C to 13 C Apex Chert Fossils of Western Australia History of Impacts Earth 3 5 billion yrs Cyanobacteria J W Schopf Cr adle of Life 1999 Living 950 Ma Living 850 Ma Living 1 5 billion Living 2 1 billion
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