There are two species of chimpanzee Pan the common chimp and bonobo pygmy chimp Which one forms societies dominated by females and is less violent Human Evolution 45 000 yr old diatonic scale Flute from Div j e babe I made from the femur of a cav e bear Photo M Zaplatil Reconstruction of Neanderthal Courtesy of the Neanderthal Museum Mettmann Germany Terms Primate Classification gene tree vs species tree hominids great apes African great apes knucklewalking African replacement vs multiregional evolution Out of Africa again and again model Templeton Australopithecus Homo ergaster erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens Mayr 2001 What Evolution Is Simplified Classification of Old World Apes and Humans Phylogeny of Old World monkeys apes and humans Great apes Catarrhini Old World monkeys apes and humans Hominoidea apes and humans SE Asia Hominidae great apes and humans SE Asia Africa Homininae African great apes and humans Catarrhini F H 2002 p 551 African great apes synapomorphies Hominoidea morph synapomorphies elongated skulls enlarged brow ridge short stout canines changes in upper jaw fusion of wrist bones enlarged ovaries mammary glands reduced hairiness molecular analyses large brains no tail erect posture flexible hips ankles structure arm shoulder flexible thumb wrist DNA analyses F H 2002 p 551 F H 2002 p 551 Phylogeny of Hominoidea Apes and Humans 4 possible African great apes human trees Serum albumin protein similarity Sarich Wilson 1967 5 Ma 30 Ma F H 2002 p 552 knucklewalking DNA data teeth skull limbs genitalic traits 5 4 mya F H 2002 p 553 Phylogeny of humans and African great apes mt DNA CO II mtDNA Horai et al 1992 CO II Phylogeny of humans and African Apes 7 7 mya Ruvolo et al 1994 4 7 Ma Y linked gene Kim Tanenaka 1996 Autosomal genes 5 mya Goodman et al 1994 F H 2002 p 554 F H 2002 p 556 Gene Tree vs Species Tree Speciation events with loss of some alleles in both species Common ancestor of human and chimps 1 Probably was knucklewalker which later lost in humans 2 Fruit based diet 3 Used tools to obtain and process food 4 Hunted for food 5 Complex social structure alliances deception warfare cannibalism sharing teaching compassion HOW HAVE HUMANS EVOLVED Oldest fossil skull suggesting relationship between humans and chimps Sahelanthropus tchadensis fig 19 9 F H 6 7 million years old Resembles humans from front of face Chimps from back with small braincase Hominid Brain Size HOW HAVE HUMANS EVOLVED Fossils Parantrhopus robust australopithecines Paranthropus Small braincases Huge cheek teeth Huge jaws Bipedal Paranthropus Paranthropus M ayr 2001 What Evolution Is F H 2004 p 741 Fossils Early Homo from Africa Homo from australopithecines Larger braincases Smaller flatter faces H er gaster er ectus Small teeth jaws H r udolfensis Bipedal Taller than australopithecines Less male female size dimorphism ergaster F H 2004 p 742 Mayr 2001 What Evolution Is Recent Human Ancestry Fossils Recent Humans modern 30 000 yrs Very large brain case Different views based on skulls teeth F H 2002 p 560 High steep forehead Short flat vertical face Prominent nose Burial with stone tools and jewelry F H 2004 p 744 Scenario for evolution of Homo sapiens Range of Neanderthal 250 000 30 000 yrs 100 000 yrs ago sm pop from subSaharan Africa Mayr 2001 What Evolution Is R Kl ei n Science 299 2003 Hypotheses for Early Dispersal of Homo from Africa Multiple expansions of Homo from Africa F H 2002 p 565 TOOLS Phylogram based on complete mtDNA genome sequences 52 000 yr 22 000 yr A Templeton Natur e 416 2002 Sharp edged flakes Non African African choppers African F H 2004 p 755 2 3 mya LANGUAGE EVOLUTION Probably evolved after humans split from Chimps Unique modification of larynx Hyoid bone found in Neanderthal END
View Full Document
Unlocking...