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Draw a cartoon diagram ofthe pattern of cospeciationusing phylogenetic trees. [If you know a real example, use it but include no more that 5-6 taxa in the tree diagrams to keep it simple.]ADAPTIVE RADIATIONRapid (looks to be explosive) diversification of anancestral species into a large number ofdescendant species that occupy a large number ofecological niches.Phylogenetic trees can tellus lots about evolution, bothabout pattern and aboutprocesses of evolution.• Coevolution• Biogeography• Test between ecological vs phylogenetic hypothesesAnt phylogenyFungal phylogenyCoevolution or CospeciationAnt phylogenyFungal phylogenyCoevolution or CospeciationAnt phylogenyFungal phylogenyColonizationCoevolution/CospeciationAphids &BacteriaGondwanaland breaks upsSAAFANTINDAUSMADGondwanan patterndispersal amongIndian Ocean landmasses More recent134 species of ChamaelionsBiogeographyAndesEuglossini 4 species:• 2 in Amazon Basin,• 2 east of Andes along Pacific Coast abcdHow did these 4 species come into being,and did the Andes play any role?abcdAndean upliftScenario 1: If (a+c), and (b+d)are sister groups, it is likely thatthe uplift of the Andes caused theisolation of a/c and b/d, and resultedin their speciation.abcd1abcdAndean uplift2abcdScenario 2: If (a+b) are most closely relatedand (c+d) are most closely related, then the Andeanuplift had nothing to do with their speciation,although much earlier the Andes may have isolateda more western population from a more eastern one, each of which speciated later by some other cause.Evolutionary patterns of Müllerianmimicry complexes in beesJ. M.HochMüllerian MimicsFrom Mimicry in Plants and Animals, W ickler, 1968Wickler, 1968Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Symula et al., 2001“. . . the model and mimic cooperate to produce acommon defense signal which advertises theirdangerous, nauseous or otherwise repellentfeatures to the operator [predator].” Vane-Wright, 1976 Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 8:25-56Classic Müllerian MimicryP.H. WilliamsE. Von HagenP.H. WilliamsP.H. Williamswww.jwallphoto.c om/TamJournal/Speci es Lis t.htmwww.gwydir.demon.co.uk/insects/bees1.htmwww.troplep.org/chilei6.jpgwww.gwydir.demon.co.uk/insects/bees1.htmR.E. NelsonP.H. Williamseasily identified!From “Hummeln,” by Von HagenQuantify the color patternWorldmap (Williams 2003) Geographic distribution of all species mapped250 species in 38 subgeneraJ. M.HochFound worldwide in ecologically diverse habitatsWorldmap (Williams 2003)Bombus keriensis in Kashmir( Williams 1991)Intraspecificvariation incolor pattern:malesQueensworkersPyrobombusBombus s.sAlpinobombusSibiricobombusBrachycephalo.SeparatobombusCoccineobombusRobustobombusMelanobombusAlpigenobombusOUTGROUPSMendacibombusBombiasThoracoFervidobombusRhodobombusTricornibombusFervido.Subterraneo.PsithyrusDiversibombusMegabombusSenexibombusBombusphylogenyRigorous examination of Müllerian mimicryPy robombusBombus s .sAlpi nobombusSibi ric obombusBrachycephalo.SeparatobombusCoccineobombusRobus tobombusMelanobombusAlpi genobombusOUTGROUPSMendacibombusBombiasThoracoFervidobombusRhodobombusTric ornibombusFervido.Subterraneo.Ps ithy rusDiv ersibombusMegabombusSenexibombusBombus phylogenyPyrobombusCentralU.S.N. EuropeHighlandMexicoN. American RockiesPacificCoastSouthern S.AmFrom “From DNA to Diversity,” S. B. Carroll et al., 2001regulation of color patternSegmentation and homeotic genesDevelopmental genetic mechanisms might besimple segmental, similar for all speciesCarroll et al., “From DNA to


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UIUC IB 201 - Phylogenetic trees

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