ADAPTIVE RADIATION Draw a cartoon diagram of the pattern of cospeciation using phylogenetic trees Rapid looks to be explosive diversification of an ancestral species into a large number of descendant species that occupy a large number of ecological niches If you know a real example use it but include no more that 5 6 taxa in the tree diagrams to keep it simple Phylogenetic trees can tell us lots about evolution both about pattern and about processes of evolution Coevolution Biogeography Test between ecological vs phylogenetic hypotheses Coevolution or Cospeciation Fungal phylogeny Ant phylogeny Coevolution or Cospeciation Fungal phylogeny Fungal phylogeny Ant phylogeny Ant phylogeny Colonization Coevolution Cospeciation Gondwanaland breaks ups SA AF MAD IND ANT AUS Gondwanan pattern Aphids Bacteria More recent 134 species of Chamaelions Biogeography dispersal among Indian Ocean land masses Euglossini 4 species 2 in Amazon Basin 2 east of Andes along Pacific Coast Andes Scenario 1 If a c and b d are sister groups it is likely that the uplift of the Andes caused the isolation of a c and b d and resulted in their speciation How did these 4 species come into being and did the Andes play any role c d a b a c b d c d a b 1 Andean uplift Scenario 2 If a b are most closely related and c d are most closely related then the Andean uplift had nothing to do with their speciation although much earlier the Andes may have isolated a more western population from a more eastern one each of which speciated later by some other cause Evolutionary patterns of M llerian mimicry complexes in bees c d a b a b c d 2 Andean uplift J M Hoch M llerian Mimics Classic M llerian Mimicry the model and mimic cooperate to produce a common defense signal which advertises their dangerous nauseous or otherwise repellent features to the operator predator From Mimicry in Plants and Animals Wickler 1968 Vane Wright 1976 Biol J Linn Soc 8 25 56 Proc R Soc Lond B Symula et al 2001 Wickler 1968 Quantify the color pattern www gwydir demon co uk insects bees1 htm E Von Hagen R E Nelson From Hummeln by Von Hagen www gwydir demon co uk insects bees1 htm P H Williams easily identified P H Williams www troplep org chilei6 jpg P H Williams P H Williams www jwallphoto com TamJournal Spe ciesList htm Geographic distribution of all species mapped Worldmap Williams 2003 Found worldwide in ecologically diverse habitats J M Hoch 250 species in 38 subgenera Worldmap Williams 2003 Bombus phylogeny Intraspecific variation in color pattern Thoraco Pyrobombus Fervidobombus Queens Bombus s s Alpinobombus Robustobombus Brachycephalo Coccineobombus workers Bombus keriensis in Kashmir Psithyrus Separatobombus Sibiricobombus Subterraneo Melanobombus Megabombus Alpigenobombus Senexibombus Diversibombus Williams 1991 male s Rhodobombus Tricornibombus Fervido Mendacibombus Bombias OUTGROUPS Rigorous examination of M llerian mimicry Bombus phylogeny Pyrobombus Thoraco Pyrobombus Fervidobombus Rhodobombus Tricornibombus Bombus s s Alpinobombus Fervido Psithyrus Robustobombus Brachycephalo Coccineobombus Separatobombus Subterraneo Sibiricobombus Megabombus Melanobombus Alpigenobombus Senexibombus Diversibombus Mendacibombus Bombias OUTGROUPS N Europe Developmental genetic mechanisms might be simple segmental similar for all species Pacific Coast Central U S N American Rockies Highland Mexico regulation of color pattern Segmentation and homeotic genes Southern S Am Carroll et al From DNA to Diversity From From DNA to Diversity S B Carroll et al 2001
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