Non-State Actors and GovernanceTransnational Non-State ActorsThe Power of NumbersThe Power of Information and TechnologyThe Power of the MediaThe Power of ResourcesThe BacklashSlide 8The Civilization ApproachMulti-Level GovernancePrivate Governance: Corporate Social ResponsibilityTrends in business self-regulation and corporate responsibilityPrivate Governance: CertificationCertification: Fair TradeTrans-Governmental Networks: The New World Order?Trans-Governmental NetworksSlide 17The Persistent Importance of States: Top Contributors to GHG EmissionsPublic-Private PartnershipsThe Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)GAVI: Financial ContributionsGAVI Results 2000-2005The Demand and Supply of Public-Private PartnershipsConcluding QuestionsNon-State Actors and GovernanceTransnational Non-State ActorsTransnational actors –actors acting ACROSS state bordersTransnational politics“…interaction across state borders outside the central control of foreign policy organs” (Nye, 224) Examples?The Power of NumbersInternational NGOs1964: 1,4701972: 21731985: 14,0002003: 24,000Source: Yearbook of International OrganizationsExample: Green Peace; offices in 37 countriesThe Power of Information and TechnologyThe Multilateral Agreement on Investments (MAI)–Rules to facilitate international investments–Negotiated under the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Public Citizen –Campaign against MAITreaty abandonedThe Power of the MediaAljazeeraSave the Whales campaign–Most whaling states stopped whaling–Ban on commercial whalingThe Power of ResourcesSales of select MNCs ($)Wall-Mart 219.8bnGM 177.2bnRD Shell 135.2bnToyota MC 120.8bnIBM 85.7bnPepsiCo 26.9bnGreenpeace 0.157bnSource: Nye 2004, 10 on business, GGYB on GreenpeaceGDP of select countries ($) Saudi Arabia 242bnUkraine 218 bn Denmark 155.5 bnChile 151 bnNorway 143 bnIraq 58 bnDominican R 53 bnBulgaria 50.6 bnGambia 2.6 bnCongo 2.5 bnSuriname 1.5 bnBelize 1.28 bnSource: 2003 CIA fact book,The Backlash-Disproportionate power of transnational actors -support corrupt governments-disproportionate share of benefits-no accountability-International institutions favor markets at expense of other values -Race to the bottom-Poverty and inequality staggering:1.3bn live on $1/dayhalf of global population on $2/dayNew Modes of GovernanceThe Civilization ApproachMulti-Level GovernanceInternational InstitutionsWB, UN, WTO, IMF, UNEPTransnational Network GovernancePrivateTrans-GovernmentalPublic-PrivateNational and Local InstitutionsPrivate Governance: Corporate Social ResponsibilityCodes of conduct–Sullivan PrinciplesTriple Bottom Line reporting:–Financial–Social–EnvironmentalExample: ShellTrends in business self-regulation and corporate responsibilityPrivate Governance: CertificationCode of rules, principles, guidelines, reporting, monitoring mechanism against which processes are products are compared and certified Labeling to make consumer aware–Fair TradeCertification: Fair TradeEqual Exchange Organization: provides fair trade certificationOrganic certificationShade grown coffee“Good Coffee, Good Business”Trans-Governmental Networks:The New World Order?Bureaucratic cooperation among specialized government agencies and institutionsNot necessarily guided by the foreign policy establishmentTrans-Governmental NetworksGore-Chernomyrdin Commission (1995-98)–U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technical Assistance–Managing and securing nuclear material–Transfer of know how and assistanceTrans-Governmental NetworksCities for Climate Change579 cities participate, 8% of global CO2 emissionAdopt GHG reduction policies–Baseline emissions inventory–Adopt emissions reduction target–Develop local action plan–Implement action plan–Monitor progress and report itWin-win: energy savings + CO2 emission reductionsUS cities savings for 1999: $70mn.The Persistent Importance of States:Top Contributors to GHG EmissionsPublic-Private Partnerships"The United Nations once dealt only with governments. By now we know that peace and prosperity cannot be achieved without partnerships involving governments, international organizations, the business community and civil society. In today's world, we depend on each other." –Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-GeneralThe Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)GAVI Partners:The Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationWHOUNICEFThe World Bank GroupDeveloping Country GovernmentsNongovernmental OrganizationIndustrialized Country GovernmentsResearch InstitutesVaccine Industry-Industrialized CountryTechnical Health InstitutesVaccine Industry-Developing CountryGAVI: Financial ContributionsBill&Melinda Gates Foundation 754 million European Union 1 million Netherlands 88 million Canada 30 million Denmark 1 million France 15 million Ireland 1 million Norway 150 million Sweden 5 million United Kingdom 63 million United States 219 million Miscellaneous private 5 millionGAVI Results 2000-200513 million children reached with basic vaccines 135 million children reached with new vaccines Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine in GAVI-eligible countries: 66% (was 20% in 2000)The Demand and Supply of Public-Private PartnershipsTransnational InterestsGovernance GapsAgency & State InterestsConcluding QuestionsWhy get involved in transnational governance?Is transnational governance effective?Is transnational governance legitimate?Does transnational governance strengthen or undermine the state?What is the future of international