I. Classifications of Aphasia II. Laterality III. Varieties of Anomia IV. Reading and WritingProblems of classificationWide variation in classification schemesDamasio’s Classification (1998:34ff)The 1996 Benson & Ardila Classification (B&A: 119)Features of the 1996 B&A Classification (B&A: 119)A major anatomical-functional dichotomy: Front (anterior) vs. Back (posterior)Damasio vis-à-vis Benson & ArdilaFront-Back dichotomy and aphasia: Alternative terms/emphasesDamasio’s Categories as Anterior vs Posterior Aphasias (Or: Pre-Rolandic vs Post-Rolandic)Cerebral dominance for languageMore refined lookLeft dominance for language in left-handersRight dominance for language in right-handersThe genetics of lateralityLeft hemisphere vs. right hemisphereSeparated right and left hemispheresCorpus Callosum (revealed by excision of top of right hemisphere)Semantic categories: Varieties of anomia2 Cases of Rapp & Caramazza (1995)Patient E.S.T. (Rapp&Caramazza 1995:901b)Assessment of E.S.T. by Rapp & CaramazzaWarning: Proceed with cautionPatient E.S.T. – a closer lookCompare patient J.G. (902a)The Role of RH in semanticsConnotative information in RHSemantic information: E.S.T. and J.G.Conclusion about E.S.T.Slide 30Brain damage and nominal conceptsConceptual category dissociation IConceptual category dissociation IIReading and WritingAlexia and AgraphiaMisprint in Antonio Damasio ReadingMore on patient J.G.Reading – relating writing to speechSlide 39Two pathways for relating writing to speechTwo pathways for relating writing to speechThe spelling attempts of J.G. (one more look)More evidence on phonological and graphic formsPatient D.R.B. (902b-903a)Graphic representation and meaningPathway to meaningPathways to meaningEvidence for direct connections between meaning and graphic formMore evidence for direct connections between meaning and graphic formPhonological-Graphic Connections: The Angular GyrusThe angular gyrusAngular gyrusConnecting to outputConnecting to Spoken and Written OutputExner’s AreaSystems for Speech and WritingI. Classifications of AphasiaII. LateralityIII. Varieties of AnomiaIV. Reading and WritingLing 411 – 06Problems of classificationDifferent aphasics almost never share the same set of symptoms (Benson&Ardila 111)•Variations “are so plentiful as to be the rule” (B&A 117)•A single type of aphasia may have distinctly different loci of pathology (B&A 117)Conduction aphasia (117)•Parietal lobe•Arcuate fasciculusTranscortical motor aphasia (118)Differing interpretations of sets of symptoms Different approaches to classificationWide variation in classification schemesInfluential ones in history of aphasiology:•Wernicke-Lichtheim 1881, 1885•Head 1926•Goldstein 1948•Luria 1966•Benson 1979•Benson & Ardila 1996•Damasio 1998But ..•All recognize just a small number of basic syndromes •Most of the variation in classification schemes is just terminological (Benson&Ardila 120)Damasio’s Classification (1998:34ff)Wernicke’s aphasiaBroca’s aphasiaConduction aphasiaTranscortical sensory aphasiaTranscortical motor aphasiaGlobal aphasiaAnomic aphasiaAlexiaPure word deafnessAtypical aphasiasThe 1996 Benson & Ardila Classification(B&A: 119)Broca Aphasia Wernicke AphasiaConduction AphasiaExtrasylvianMotor AphasiaExtrasylvianSensory AphasiaPre-Rolandic Post-RolandicPeri-SylvianExtra-SylvianNot included in above scheme: (1) Problems with reading & writing (2) Anomic aphasia (3) Global aphasiaFeatures of the 1996 B&A Classification(B&A: 119)Based on two anatomical dichotomies:•Pre- vs post-Rolandic•Perisylvian vs. extrasylvianFor every type, two subtypes•But the two subtypes can be just two ends of a continuous scale, not distinct subtypesAlternatives to usual terms:•“Extrasylvian” instead of “transcortical” •“Broca” instead of “Broca’s”•‘Wernicke” instead of “Wernicke’s”A major anatomical-functional dichotomy:Front (anterior) vs. Back (posterior)Front•Action and planning of action•Process orientedBack•Perception•Perceptual integration•Object orientedDamasio vis-à-vis Benson & ArdilaDamasioWernicke’s aphasiaBroca’s aphasiaConduction aphasiaTranscortical sensory aph. Transcortical motor aph.Global aphasiaAnomic aphasiaAlexiaBenson & ArdilaWernicke aphasiaBroca aphasiaConduction aphasiaExtrasylvian sensory aph. Extrasylvian motor aph.Global aphasiaAnomic aphasiaWernicke II or Posterior extrasylvianFront-Back dichotomy and aphasia: Alternative terms/emphases FluentReceptive*SensoryPosterior Non-fluentExpressive*MotorAnterior*But: (1) Very few aphasic patients are completely free of receptive difficulties(2) Virtually no aphasic is entirely without expressive problems (B&A 112)Damasio’s Categories asAnterior vs Posterior Aphasias(Or: Pre-Rolandic vs Post-Rolandic)Broca’s aphasiaTranscortical motor aphasiaWernicke’s aphasiaConduction aphasiaTranscortical sensory aphasiaAlexiaPure word deafnessOthers:Global Aphasia: Both anterior and posteriorAnomic aphasia: Can be either or bothAtypical aphasiasAnterior PosteriorCerebral dominance for languageLinguistic abilities are subserved by the left hemisphere in about 97% of people•99% of right-handed peopleBut this is just a first approximationMore refined lookSome information is bilaterally represented•Highly entrenched items•Initial consonants of high-frequency words (?)•Some people have more bilateral representation than others•Women and left-handers tend to have more bilateral representation than men and rightiesPitch, intonation, and other prosodic features subserved by RHSemantic information is in both LH and RH•But different aspects of semantic informationMetaphor, irony, sarcasm, pragmatic features, inferencing, subserved by RHLeft dominance for language in left-handersWada test (Milner 1975), on left-handers•69% aphasic after injection of left brain•18% aphasic after injection of right brain•13% aphasic after injection on each sideGoodglass 1993:57Right dominance for language in right-handersCrossed aphasia: Term for right-handers who suffer aphasia after RH injuryIncidence of crossed aphasia is estimated at 1%Goodglass 1993:58The genetics of lateralityMatings of left-handed parents produce no more than about 50%