History of AphasiologyOutline of major historical periods1. Early StudiesAn Egyptian surgeon, ca. 3000 B.C.Early European thinkingFranz Joseph GallGall’s Phrenology TheoryReactions to GallA decades-long debateMarc DaxJean-Baptiste Bouillard (France)Ernst Auburtin (France)2. Broca, Wernicke, LichtheimPierre Paul Broca (French, 1824-1880)Pierre Paul Broca (1824–1880)Principal cortical gyri (schematic)Pierre Paul Broca (cont’d)Broca’s major contributionsKarl Wernicke (German, 1848-1905)Karl Wernicke (1848-1905)Wernicke’s posterior language areaTwo basic language areasSlide 23Wernicke: ConnectionismArcuate FasciculusWernicke: Connectionism and the arcuate fasciculusLudwig Lichtheim (German, 1845-1928)The Wernicke-Lichtheim model (1885)Hickok’s revised diagramSlide 30Wernicke and Connectionism3. The Decades following Wernicke & LichtheimJules Dejerine (French)Diverse Views after Wernicke & Lichtheim4. Goldstein, Luria, Geschwind The return of connectionismKurt Goldstein (1878-1965)Another basic language area?Slide 38Luria’s position according to Benson & ArdilaGood and bad localizationist modelsNorman Geschwind (1926-1984)Norman Geschwind on Wernicke (1966)Norman Geschwind on Wernicke (1966) (cont’d)Slide 44Slide 45Intellectual lineages Leading AphasiologistsSlide 475. Present and Recent PastThe Great DivideModern attacks on Wernicke-Geschwind connectionismBroca’s Area: Not for Speech Production?Slide 52More on patient D.H.Slide 54History of Aphasiology1. Early Workers2. Broca, Wernicke, Lichtheim3. Reactions to Connectionism4. Goldstein, Luria and Geschwind5. Recent WorkersLing 411 – 03Outline of major historical periods1. Early studies: Up to Broca2. Broca, Wernicke, Lichtheim – Connectionism3. The decades following Wernicke & Lichtheim4. Goldstein, Luria, Geschwind •The return of connectionism5. Present and recent pasta. Goodglassb. Benson and Ardilac. Damasio d. Psychologists1. Early StudiesFrom ancient Egypt to BrocaAn Egyptian surgeon, ca. 3000 B.C.“If you examine a man with a broken temple, … when you speak to him, he does not answer, he has lost his use of words.”Early European thinkingAristotle•Heart is the center of intelligence•Brain is for cooling bloodGalen (Greek, 130(?) – 201(?) a.d.)•Dissected animals•Brain is center of thinking and feelingVesalius (16th century, worked on cadavers)Steno (Late 17th century)•Brain is the seat of both thought and soulFranz Joseph GallBy early 1800’s, aphasia became a focus of intellectual speculationFranz Joseph Gall (1758–1828)•Started career in Vienna, later moved to Paris•Localization of function good idea!•Phrenology bad idea!Gall’s Phrenology TheoryWrong, of course!(Why?)Yet the idea of localization is a good oneReactions to GallPierre Flourens – Attacked Gall•The brain functions holistically Supporters of Gall•Jean-Baptiste Bouillard (1825–1881)•Ernst Aubertin (son-in-law of Bouillard)•Pierre GratioletA decades-long debateLocationism vs. HolismStarted with reactions to GallGall: a naïve locationistAt first, it was assumed that all locationalism was necessarily naïve The only alternative seen was holismDebate flourished for decades•Mainly in France, England, GermanyMarc DaxIn unublished work of 1836 he anticipated the later major contribution of BrocaProbably influenced BrocaJean-Baptiste Bouillard (France)1825-1881Improved Gall’s methodsAnticipated later theoriesDid post-mortem exams of aphasicsProposed left frontal lobe (sometimes right) as the locus of speechErnst Auburtin (France)Son-in-law of BouillardSupported the theory of localization of brain functions in discrete brain areasPresented an important paper in 1861•Broca was in the audience•Broca invited Aubertin to examine one of his patients2. Broca, Wernicke, LichtheimThe rise of connectionism:A sophisticated form of locationalismPierre Paul Broca (French,1824-1880)Pierre Paul Broca (1824–1880)Heard important presentation by Auburtin in 1861Two days later, he got a patient who•Couldn’t talk•Had malfunction of right side of body•Died 5 days laterBroca performed autopsy•Found lesion in “third frontal convolution” Second patient, also aphasic, also had lesion in inferior frontal gyrusPrincipal cortical gyri (schematic)Pierre Paul Broca (cont’d)One patient had right hemisphere damage, but no speech disturbanceIn 1870’s, started localizing other functionsDid neuroanatomical studies of dogs to investigate localization hypothesesAlso recognized a different language disorder – “verbal amnesia” – but didn’t propose a locationWas criticized on the grounds that some aphasics didn’t have lesion in 3rd frontal gyrusBroca’s major contributionsCerebral dominance•“We speak with the left side of our brains”Inferior frontal gyrus for speech production (“Broca’s area”*)Localization of function based on convolutional anatomy*Broca did not himself propose this designationKarl Wernicke (German, 1848-1905)The most im-portant figure in 19th century aphasiologyKarl Wernicke (1848-1905)Studied neuroanatomy with Meinert in ViennaImportant paper published in 1874 (at age 26)Generally supported BrocaIdentified “Broca’s aphasia” as difficulty with speech production, especially of function wordsAlso identified a posterior language areaWernicke’s posterior language areaIn posterior superior temporal lobeImportant for speech comprehensionIf damaged, comprehension impairedIf damaged, speech is repetitive•Patient is unaware of his errorsLocus of auditory images of wordsNow known as Wernicke’s areaTwo basic language areasPrimary Somato-sensory Area Primary Motor AreaPrimary AuditoryAreaPrimaryVisual AreaWernicke’s areaBroca’s areaTwo basic language areasPrimary Somato-sensory Area Primary Motor AreaPrimary AuditoryAreaPrimaryVisual AreaPhonologicalRecognitionPhonologicalProductionWernicke: ConnectionismProposed the theory of connectionism (with Lichtheim)Involves localization of function, but in a more sophisticated form than predecessorsAccepted Meinert’s postulation of a fiber bundle connecting the two basic language areas – arcuate fasciculusArcuate FasciculusWernicke: Connectionismand the arcuate fasciculusWernicke had learned about it from Meinert in ViennaPredicted “Conduction Aphasia” •Would